That is life! That is life – what else is the nature of life?

What is behind the nature of life? – Sensitivity is behind the nature of life

However, I cannot explain everything that is in my book before its publication and therefore, you are kindly requested to bear with me the emotional urge to know more of this ultimate desire of the mankind, until my book is published.

The ‘Outrage and the Idyll’ was written to resuscitate the mankind by establishing the truth about life since, human intelligence has gone astray due to the fact that life remained such a riddle without a clue for us to understand.

Gods first emerged with our ancestors’ innocent ignorance, helplessness and fear and remained nothing but wooden idols but eventually emerged as living creatures since, in our faith we foolishly blew life into those wooden idols. That is how different gods emerged in different parts of the world. Isn't that fact, enough proof on their origin? Thus, they the Gods are the created and not us. We are a spontaneous biochemical phenomenon since, life is a grand factor of three amazing factors acting in tandem eternally. Now before the publication of my book, if you are clever enough to use your imagination in the right direction, please understand your potential as an intelligent human being to take control of your life to cater for your destiny beyond this life as intelligent life is subject to life’s jurisdiction and therefore, what heaven and hell my friend, you are brought back into this  drama of life, life after life in this very world or wherever life is in the Universe in order to account for your past deeds. If you don’t shiver with that truth, you are still ignorant. You need to read my book ‘The Outrage and the Idyll’ to understand it all in minute detail. Life is a beauty only if you know how to handle her. Thus, you got to know a lot about life. If anybody thought that they know life, they are sadly mistaken. 'The Outrage and the Idyll' will reveal the shocking reality of this beauty, that is life.

Now that you are going to understand what life really is in minute detail, ‘The Outrage and the Idyll’ is the ‘Most Dazzling Human Odyssey ever’ and most importantly, ‘The Outrage and the Idyll’ is the ‘Greatest Turning Point of the Mankind’ not only in the human history but, for evermore and that means ‘for all time to come’. It is also the most fascinating book ever written, simply because of the way the great ‘Riddle of Life’ solved by the most romantic writer in the world and thus, written with amazing romanticism to do justice to this amazing phenomenon called 'Life' that deceived every  human being except yours truly. If you don’t agree, you may shoot an apple on my head. How is that for confidence?

Now I got to abandon you with that until I go on the ‘Facebook’ and ‘Twitter’  to explain more and to spread the news. I shall post all that information in this website as well. In the meantime, try and find something that is not sensitive, will you? If you succeed, you qualify to shoot an apple on my head.

Good luck.

(Please note that, I have also solved the problem with Charles Darwin's evolutionary process - 'The Natural Selection' and thus, there is not a hitch in the spontaneous emergence and evolution of life. Life is a conscious factor and thus, life itself is the grand designer in its manifestation in the medium of mass. Please wait for 'The Outrage and the Idyll' to understand the unbelievably amazing saga of life's manifestation, which took place in three stages that were dominated by the three elements of life - 'Sensitivity', 'Consciousness' and 'Desire' respectively. The element or the factor 'Sensitivity' dominated the first stage of life's manifestation which is the emergence of the Universe and the evolution of mass until the emergence of the organic compounds. With the emergence of the organic compounds or organic matter, sensitivity of mass has flourished greatly so that, the element 'Consciousness' derived through the sensitivity to come to the fore as the designer to dominate the second stage of the emergence of the living organisms and in the process, consciousness flourished greatly to let out the so far hidden element 'Desire' to the fore to dominate the third stage of life's manifestation where the living beings emerged. In this third stage, desire giving a meaning to the consciousness that so far remained dumb, helped design all possible living beings and pushed one species among them to become supremely intelligent over the rest. Now, if you think that you know the rest of the story of life, you are sadly mistaken because, life being a consciousness factor, did not manifest for no reason. So, what is the reason for life's manifestation or life's ultimate goal in its manifestation or else, what is the meaning of our emergence and the existence as the pinnacle of life's manifestation especially since, although we humans are only a few million years old in our emergence as a species, we posses a magnificent  organ - a brain that has been developed over 500 million years and that is disregarding the fact that the stage for our high jinks (the Universe) evolving through nearly 15 billion years. Could such a painstaking endeavour by life to crown us humans as intelligent beings and the masters of the Universe be  meaningless? If not, what is the meaning of our existence as the masters of the universe among millions of other species?   Unfortunately, I got to leave you high and dry beyond this point until my book is published. Please keep your fingers crossed to become truly intelligent.)   　

'The Outrage and the Idyll' is the greatest turning point of the mankind. It is the most dazzling human odyssey ever. Please look forward to it. True human intelligence begins with it.

***

Update Posted on 1st July 09 - Fairytale 'Big Bang Theory' put to rest as the final part of this Grand Thesis was  added. The Universe did not, and CANNOT emerge in an explosion at all.  The Big Bang is pseudo physics that depicts our ignorance in astrophysics. It is quite interesting to reveal such facts on a theory that has been supported by so many physicists and some have even rushed to publish books that discussed the theory's credibility. Now all that is history we like to forget. I shall prove the emergence of the Universe being cyclic. Thus, the Universe collapses upon itself and re-emerges. The final 3 theories of the amazing saga of the Universe is of its 'Emergence', 'Evolution' and the 'Fate' that has been woven together under the title of 'The Trilogy of the Universe'. It is of true physics and not of magic like in the big bang. Thus, now there are no unanswerable questions on the emergence of the Universe. Please Click here for quick reference to understand why the big bang theory is wrong.

Previous Update - Re: Misleading news on E=mc² Please see below the Table of Contents.

Important notice to visitors 

Please note that the thesis was first published in the internet in this site on 14/10/2008 merely as an additional measure to establish my priority on my theories and to achieve that purpose, some physicists around the world were invited to visit this website and the thesis was removed from the site on 31/10/2008. The theories in this thesis are of true physics and therefore not theorems. When it comes to natural physics, theorem proved by mathematics may not have any objective truth in the real world. Thus, there are no absurd hypotheses in this grand thesis like in present day astrophysics since the theories are not purposefully extrapolated with mathematics for the mere purpose of publishing theories. Unlike in engineering where basics are known to start with since we ourselves have developed engineering with the help of mathematics, natural physical phenomena must be understood first in order to explain or to proceed further with mathematics. If not, one would be applying mathematics to his imaginations in his ignorance on nature's physical processes like Einstein did stretching time and bending space with his mathematics to litter cosmology and astrophysics. This thesis explains the basic physics of the natural phenomena that one MUST understand to proceed any further. Therefore, mathematical interpretations will be added to the theories in time to come. This matter is further explained later.

However, someone publishing 41 new theories and 17 new laws of physics in one go seems to be unbelievable for most physicists since, publishing a single new theory is in fact a rare achievement in a lifetime for many. Nevertheless, one must understand the fact that, human intelligence could work wonders with some. It is best that the physics community realise that fact soon since modern astrophysics is  fundamentally wrong for just over a century since the basis  the energy-mass equivalence  E=mc² is wrong. It is terribly wrong because, energy is not a fundamental element that exists but a product that emerges through a substance in a physical process. Thus, there is no quantum of the so called energy that supposed to equal mass and there cannot be a fundamental element in the Universe without that thing physically existing in quantum state just as the fundamental forces of nature do. And for that matter, nothing other than the fundamental forces of nature exist in quantum state. Even without knowing that fact, it is quite easy to understand that, any energy is not a fundamental element of the Universe but a product of a substance that emerges in a process the substance undergoes. Emergence of mass is the emergence of the Universe and therefore, mass must emerge through a conservable fundamental element for the evolution of the Universe because, for the very purpose, mass (matter) undergoes a cycle of phase transition by way of partial decay or total annihilation in particle interactions and for such a process, mass must originally emerge from a conservable fundamental element in order to reemerge in the event of decaying or total annihilation in interactions. Without being a fundamental element of the Universe, no energy is conservable and thus, energy cannot give rise to mass.

(Considering the Photons as the energy quanta is a terrible misconception. The photon is the electromagnetic force carrier. All other massless particles are also force carriers. No energy rides piggyback on them. If the so-called energy is a fundamental aspect of the Universe that energy must exist in its quantum physical form as a separate distinct aspect of the Universe just as the forces of nature do. Unfortunately, there is no such thing as the quantum energy in the Universe. However, by thinking the photon also as the quantum energy, we have been unknowingly practicing physics of the force-mass equivalence. If not for that fact, modern astrophysics wouldn't have come this far. Nevertheless, we must rectify the error. The so called energy is a highly misunderstood aspect in physics especially due to our poor understanding of the forces of nature. Nevertheless, any energy is quite clearly a product and it is a shame not to understand that. )

Thus, being a product of a substance where any substance is a secondary aspect of the Universe in the first place, energy that emerge through a process must do the work and in the process of doing the work, any energy is expended - and that means used-up. Therefore, 'Conservation of Energy' being a prominent law of modern physics is a serious blunder because it is (energy being a product of a substance cannot be conserved) a very simple fact that we have failed to understand. Conservation of energy in a closed system as taught today is pseudo physics since any energy is a product of a substance and therefore not a fundamental element. If any energy is conservable, the whole world will be jubilant. On the other hand, the only energy in physics is 'Heat' and all other energies are aspects of Chemistry. Thus, considering the mechanical forces such as the kinetic force and momentum etc as energy is also quite wrong.

Heat as energy in the Universe is a product of the various physical phenomena of the substances and that means the phenomena of matter. Now, whatever the phenomena of matter, they originates from the motion of matter and for any motion of matter in space, matter must possess the characteristics such as attraction and repulsion because the space is absolute. (A physical medium must exist in space for the motion of mass even with mass exerting a force of attraction since that force does not radiate beyond the surface of mass and since the space is otherwise absolute and as for a physical medium encompassing all of space of the Universe, nothing but the abundance of matter is that physical medium in space. We have so far failed to understand these facts.) While repulsion can only emerge in reaction due to certain facts as there is no repulsive force of nature and there cannot be one (why that is, is discussed in this thesis) 'attraction' is the primary characteristic of a force of nature and therefore, matter (mass) must emerge through a force of nature in order to inherit the characteristics of that force to be able to act in reaction where ‘every action must emerge in reaction’ (my new law) to move in space and motion of mass is the primary requirement for all physical phenomena of the Universe. That means 'mass must emerge from a force of nature in order to inherit the characteristics of that force' and please consider that also as a new law of physics established with my thesis. True to such facts, everything in the Universe exerts the force gravity and for that to happen everything must emerge through the force gravity. You may read the rest of that amazing saga in detail in my thesis. But, isn't the case already proven with the briefly exposed facts in here?

Thus, there is the 'force-mass equivalence' instead of the senseless energy-mass equivalence and the force-mass equivalence basically boils down to 'gravity-mass equivalence' where gravity is the truly fundamental force of the Universe. (It is explained in my thesis.) The electric forces have emerged through the concentration of the force gravity and mass and the electric charge emerge through further concentration of the electric forces. Where mass and charge are products or the manifestations  of force concentration, mass emerge prior to the emergence of the charge which is the final product of the force concentration so that,  neutral mass as well as charged particles also could emerge.

The force-mass equivalence based on the concentration of force gravity that equals the electric forces that in turn equals the mass and charge the mass may carry and therefore the F_g=F_e=mqc² is not merely the equation that replaces the false E=mc² but also the true 'Theory of Everything' since with the force-mass equivalence we can explain all physical phenomena of the Universe. The fact that I ended up developing 41 new theories is testimony to that fact. ( F_g - force gravity, F_e - Forces electric, m - mass, q - electric charge, c² - speed of light squared) 

Interestingly, the force-mass equivalence disproves the existence of the so called Weak Nuclear Force because its supposed force carriers the W⁺ W^- and the Z⁰ particles being particles of mass are not force carriers since now we understand the fact that, mass is the secondary form of a force and where the force has turned into mass the force remains a residuum in mass and that is exactly why mass may carry a charge in order to exert a reasonable force. Thus, particles of mass are not force carriers. Force carriers must be massless and there is no such thing called an intermediate force that could have carriers that are of mass because mass is the manifestation of force in force concentration. The so called parity violation by the weak nuclear force in respect of having particles of mass as force carriers was ignorant thinking and the facts we found in support of the phenomenon was due to misrepresentation of such facts.  Instead of existing to induce radioactive decay in particles, the W and Z particles are resonances that only emerge through the radioactive decay which is a spontaneous electrical phenomenon where mass has emerged through the concentration of the electric forces. The process is minutely explained in my thesis. Being short lived resonances 10^-25sec, the W and Z do not live long enough to do anything other than to decay into other particles again through spontaneous radioactive decay. (Please read all about these amazing phenomena in my thesis, especially to understand why decay is a spontaneous process.)

 *    Where there is no Weak Nuclear Force as discussed in the 'Grand Thesis of the Universe', the unification of the so called Weak Nuclear Force together with the Electromagnetic Force is an ignorant endeavour that has even won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1979. Prior to that, where particles of mass are not force carriers, the misrepresentation of facts as 'parity violation' by the so called Weak Nuclear Force in respect of having particles of mass as force carriers - gauge bosons won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1957. Then in 1999 the grant of the Nobel Prize for physics for elucidating the quantum structure of the electroweak interactions where there is no electroweak force or a weak nuclear force to begin with was also a mistake. That is not all. The force-mass equivalence means the mesons are not nuclear binding agents that nevertheless won the physics prize in 1949. The correctness of the 2008 physics prize is also skeptical (I haven't read this paper) if the prize was awarded basically for finding any symmetry breaking; as there is no such things called 'parity violation' or 'symmetry breaking' in nature's physics. It is in their ignorance in natural physics that one may identify a physical process as the so called symmetry breaking. If nature could break its own symmetries, astrophysics will be a great jumble and there wont be a Universe. Just imagine what makes the nature to break a symmetry in a particular instance and not very often as nucleosyntheses take place  by chance? (As a matter of fact, if the same thing happens everywhere in the Universe there is no symmetry breaking. If some unusual thing has happened only in one location of the Universe, then we can call it symmetry breaking. Fortunately, there are no such mishaps in nature.) If one would try to find the answer to that underlined question, he will understand that the so called symmetry breaking is nothing but his ignorant thinking. Do the 2008 Nobel laureates of the physics prize know that any Quark combination being a fundamental particle and that is why the quarks in a combination cannot be separated? Any physicist could know that fact only from this thesis. So, when their knowledge of quarks are such, what is the so called symmetry breaking of quarks anybody talking about?  Please find the facts on the above Nobel prize winning physics  in the 'Grand  Thesis of the Universe' published below in this website. (Learn more on this matter.)

The latest mistake is finding gravitational waves.  It has to be misrepresentation of facts where quantum gravity is unknown and how gravitational attractions of mass propagate in space is also unknown. Please learn these aspects in my thesis.

There are other great mistakes since astrophysics is fundamentally flawed. For instance, there is no colour force or colour charge associated with the strong nuclear force. The convention of the colour charge was due to our total ignorance on what electric charge is.

All such mistakes are due to our ignorance in basic astrophysics. We have learnt physics with the wrong fundamentals. With E=mc² being wrong and there being three fundamental forces instead of four, and with the false theories of Relativities that have been proven with misrepresentation of facts, and with an alarmingly poor knowledge on the fundamental forces, a greater part of modern astrophysics is wrong. Our ideas of space and time and of certain phenomena like black holes are also wrong. Black holes are not intensely powerful gravitational wells as we believe. If Black holes are powerful gravitational wells and gravity propagates through them (to pull distant stars into them), we must understand that, other radiation like light can also propagate into the Black holes and that means they won't be black holes but well lit holes. The mistake in here was not knowing how gravity propagates through the interstellar space. All these phenomena are explained in new theories in my grand thesis and the Black holes have been redefined correctly as 'Finite and Acute Absolute Vacuums'  surrounded by immensely powerful great magnetic rings that holds the Absolute Vacuum State within the ring and that means the Black hole within the magnetic ring is a vacuum in reverse order to a manmade vacuum and an absolute and an acute vacuum at that since the surrounding magnetic ring sucks everything within its center making the center of the ring an absolute vacuum and thus, a Black hole since without a physical medium within it, the propagation of radiation is not possible. (Pl note that the space of the Universe is a medium and the abundance of particles like the photon, electron and the neutrino etc is that physical medium that helps the wave propagation. There is a lot more to understand the phenomenon since we thought electromagnetic radiation could propagate in space by itself but that is pseudo physics since every action must emerge in reaction. Thus one may read my thesis to understand true physics.)  The exposure of all these phenomena will surprise any physicist.

Dark matter is an illusory problem due to our ignorance in basic astrophysics. Antiparticles is perhaps the most amazing mystery solved in my grand thesis; and thus, cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics taught at universities are terribly wrong. Now, nobody can ignore that fact any longer. One interesting item of our pseudo physics to mention in here is the magical 'Relativistic Mass'. Of course, the so called relativistic mass is black magic, rather than true physics. Mechanical forces such as kinetic force (so far known as kinetic energy) cannot convert into mass because, a mechanical force is only a condition corresponding to motion of mass and does not exist where there is no motion and therefore, any mechanical force (formerly, mechanical energy) is not a physical entity like force quanta that could convert into mass. There is no doubt that rendering the Universe as extraordinary had been beneficial to uphold absurd hypotheses like 'relativistic mass', 'space curvatures' 'elastic space' 'cosmological constant or repulsive gravity' 'time dilation' 'pure energy of the vacuum', 'borrowing energy and having to pay back the loan quickly' etc. . If I am allowed to be humorous, such hypotheses  make astrophysics a farce. My grand thesis explains the true physics behind all such phenomena that we have misunderstood.

One great factor that has contributed to make astrophysics a great jumble as mentioned above is upholding mathematics as the language of physics and trying to think mathematically from the beginning. Unfortunately, that is where our physicists have gone wrong in astrophysics since, when it comes to natural physics, theorem proved by mathematics may not have any objective truth in the real world. That simply means any nonsensical idea can be proven in mathematics. Thus, there is an unreasonable influence of mathematics in natural science and true to that fact, astrophysics has become a great jumble. However, there is no doubt that such an idea of the importance of mathematics in physics has arisen due to the importance of mathematics in engineering. Engineering is not natural physics but artificial or manmade physics developed with the aid of mathematics. Therefore, nothing can be done in engineering without the application of mathematics. Thus, one could say mathematics is the language of engineering but certainly not of natural physics.  It is a different story with the natural physical phenomena. Unfortunately, it is the engineers who step further into the physics of the nature with their wrong notion on mathematics - their lifeblood as budding engineers. Nevertheless, Astrophysics is of the phenomena of the nature. Mathematics is only a manmade tool but of course a brilliant tool in further explaining and applying physics. However, we must understand the phenomena of the nature first and that means understanding the basis of the physics or the process behind the natural phenomena and then use mathematics to further explain. We cannot use mathematics straightaway to understand a natural physical process because we know nothing about it and nature does not do things the way we expect things to happen. We have done exactly that in developing the so called 'Colour Force' and the 'Colour Charge' according to what we thought the case should be since we have failed to understand certain physical phenomena and my thesis proves what a terrible blunder that is.

I like to know how one could solve the mystery of the missing 'Antiparticles' or any other mysteries by using mathematics? How would one start using this so-called language of physics - mathematics, to find the whereabouts of the antiparticles? We must first understand the basic process of any natural physical phenomenon with our two pence worth knowledge in physics and not with our brilliant mathematics. No matter how brilliant our knowledge of mathematics is, we cannot understand or solve a mystery with that but by understanding the facts and thinking logically.  Once we know the basics we can use mathematics as the mode of applying such physics and in the process we can further explain and develop the basic physics we have understood using our intelligent mind. Thus, I have discussed the basics in my theories and now it is up to our brilliant mathematicians to use their mode of application of physics - mathematics to further explain such physical phenomena  that the whole world was waiting in some cases for centuries to understand. Nevertheless, even without mathematics, now everybody - even a lay person can understand the basic physical processes behind such phenomena and that is what needed first even for a physicist to understand. Without that basic knowledge in a natural physical phenomenon there is no way or no place to apply anybody's mathematics.

(It may be by thinking mathematically that Albert Einstein suggested in general relativity that the space  - the nothingness can be bent and stretched. My thesis exposes such nonsensical hypotheses that has nevertheless being supported by misrepresentation of facts. My thesis  replaces them with theories of true physics.)

It is due to the ignorance in basic astrophysics that some have wasted a fortune and a few decades looking for the so called Higgs Boson which is a totally absurd hypothesis by any means. Now they can learn how particles of mass emerge from my thesis and spend the time and money in doing something sensible. Fortunately the recently completed Large Hadron Collider at a cost of 10 billion dollars to look for the Higgs boson is quite useful for other experiments. Looking for magnetic monopoles is one other area physicists waste their time. I have explained in my thesis why there are no magnetic monopoles.

No competent astrophysicist could prove my theories wrong. As a matter of fact, the interconnectivity of the theories due to the interconnectivity of the physical phenomena itself is proof of the correctness of the fundamental theory 'The Theory of Everything' - the force-mass equivalence based on force concentration that leads to all other physical phenomena. That means all other theories that are interconnected are also correct and if not, they cannot be supporting each other. For instance, with the concentration of the force gravity, electric forces emerge and with further concentration of the electric forces, mass and electric charge emerge. The concentration of basic force gravity giving rise to electric forces means the concentrated forces emerging in the wave form due to concentration and that wave form of the electric forces gets into mass as mass emerge through further concentration of the electric forces and therefore, the wave-particle duality of mass. Further, just as the wave form explains the electric forces being concentrated forces, the wave form of the particles that are subject to spin explains how magnetism emerges as a polarised force in the polarisation of the waves due to particle spin. When waves have two ends, that explains one of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics and that is why there are no magnetic monopoles. One of the most amazing discoveries made possible by understanding that the concentration of force gravity giving rise to electric forces that takes the wave form due to force concentration is the discovery of the 'Quantum Gravity'  that has to be basic gravity without being concentrated and therefore without the wave form of the force and without a magnetic moment of the particle that emerges if the force of the particle is of wave form, that polarises in the spinning of the particle. The Neutrino that has all these requirements is obviously the quantum gravity. Why the neutrinos are of three kinds and have some properties is explained in my thesis.  That simple explanation on force concentration leads to nine other physical phenomena as mention above and that means we have simply explained nine  perfectly correct new theories that have spontaneously emerged through the basic theory - the force-mass equivalence based on force concentration. Thus, the interconnectivity of the theories simply proves their correctness.

The following are just one dozen of theories at a glance that are interconnected due to force concentration being the basic physical process of the Universe.

     1) Concentration of Force gravity  giving rise to electric forces.

     2) Mass emerging through the concentration of the electric forces.

     3) Electric charge emerging in mass in the process of the emergence of mass in force concentration.

     4) Concentrated forces (electric forces) taking the wave form due to high concentration of force.

     5) Mass that emerge through the electric forces inheriting the wave nature of the force and therefore,

         the wave particle duality of matter.

     6) Particles spin in reaction due to emerging through a force.

     7) Spinning of particles polarising the wave form and the polarised force is magnetism.

     8) Waves are of two ends and therefore, there is nothing called magnetic monopoles.

     9) Quantum gravity - neutrino the obvious carrier of the basic force gravity.

     10) Why there are no primordial neutrinos.

     11) Why there are no Gravitational Waves. (If anybody claims to have found them, its ignorance.)

     12) It is not 'Relativistic Mass' at 'c'. (The so-called Relativistic Mass is not physics but magic.)

That is not all. the above phenomena lead to other phenomena and I have proved that with over three dozens of interconnected theories. Thus, their correctness is doubtless.

With the former energy-mass equivalence we did not understand such an interconnectivity of the physical phenomena of the Universe because, the so called energy-mass equivalence is pseudo physics. Thus, I am quite confident of the correctness of my theories and one can understand that by the brief explanation on the force-mass equivalence given above; and the theories (except the theory of Antiparticles*) do not need any experimental evidence to prove their credibility. I have discussed the facts that support them in the thesis. Thus, all we have to do is assess those facts for acceptance of the theories. Therefore, we do not have to waste our time in accepting the theories.  The sooner our physicists do that is best for everybody and especially for the students. Physicists must be concerned  since astrophysics were going astray for just over a century due to   heaps of ignorant inputs.  Energy-mass equivalence, space curvatures, space-time, time dilation, relativistic mass, colour force, electroweak force, and now the Higgs boson to mention a few are quite destructive in that respect.  After wasting over a century on the wrong track, we must not waste anymore time getting onto the right track. After all, there is no need to waste any time since, now the path is clear; not just, but brilliantly lit for sure.

(* We could find experimental evidence on the whereabouts of 'Antiparticles' as explained in my grand thesis. It is a simple experiment that has to be carried out in a particle accelerator and I wish that is done soon.)

Due to the magnitude of my Grand Thesis of the Universe, like I mentioned in the beginning, there is no doubt that my achievement is unbelievable to many; especially when I am not an academic. What one would do by going  through university education is learning from others and obtaining a certificate to prove that he or she remembers what was learnt. I couldn't do that for personal reasons. However, that didn't stop me learning whatever I want, by myself. Now, although I do not have a certificate to prove my knowledge and competency in cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics, I have something better than a mere certificate to prove my abilities to the whole world and that is my work - my unprecedented 'Grand Thesis' - the fruit of over 12 years of fulltime hard work. While that may be an unbelievable achievement to many, I do not consider it to be a hard to believe achievement simply because nobody else has ever done a similar thing. I just consider my Grand Thesis of the Universe to be just one part of me or my abilities. The other part is for the whole world to understand in the near future. While solving almost all the vital mysteries of the Universe in a grand thesis of 41 new theories (most importantly, correct new theories) and establishing 17 new laws of physics at the same time is a great achievement that may not possibly surpassed by any other human, I do not consider it as my greatest achievement.

What I consider as my greatest achievement is solving the great 'Riddle of Life' in a book that is almost ready to be published in order to establish everlasting world peace. It was in trying to solve the riddle of life that I was drawn into cosmology and astrophysics. With that book, 'The Outrage and the Idyll' mankind will understand the secret behind Charles Darwin's evolutionary process - the 'Natural Selection' (which, Darwin himself could not explain) to eliminate any doubts on the evolution of species and most importantly, mankind will understand for the first time in the human history what life really is, from where we came, why we came, the meaning of life and whither we go etc to live in harmony while they sojourn in this world - the heavenly lodge we have made to be hellish in our ignorance.

Solving the problems of the Mankind rather than solving the mysteries of the Universe is always greatest to me. If I didn't do it, it would be a shame to my intelligence and compassion. My unprecedented Grand Thesis of the Universe is testimony on that claim and the thesis makes none of that to be my rhetoric. Let us let time prove it.

*

The situation in astrophysics has been notified to the Nobel Foundation in 2008 for suitable action. However, the Nobel Foundation taking any action on the matter is highly unlikely since it is the physicists who advise the Nobel Foundation on matters of physics and just as other physicists, they will refuse to accept the credibility of my grand thesis of the Universe which is not explained in mathematics - the only thing they understand. When the physics is of the nature, they know nothing as they are mere engineers with a doctorate. The absurd big bang theory, S R, G R, energy-mass equivalence and the black hole hypothesis to mention a few are testimonials to their ignorance in physics. They are great laughing matter if one understands physics. Thus, any absurd hypothesis in physics extrapolated in mathematics could still win the Nobel Prize for physics for years to come as it has been happening, as long as the Grand thesis of the Universe remains without explained also in mathematics for our so called physicists to understand. But if those who have become physicists merely by learning mathematics do not understand astrophysics which is natural physics, it is not my problem but their problem. My opinion is, a physicist must be born and not eventually made like one would become a plumber for instance. I have proven that fact with this unprecedented and arguably unsurpassable 'Grand Thesis of the Universe' with 17 new laws of physics and 41 new theories and needless to say that, it is a challenge to our physicists to prove any of that being wrong or absurd hypotheses. Well, in that respect, unlike publishing theories which are hypotheses until proved, laws of physics are of true basic physics that cannot be disproved.  I have published 17 new laws of  physics in my  grand thesis and that is  without holding a PhD in physics. Can any PhD qualified physicist in the world publish a single law of physics or at least prove a law I have published is not correct? I am looking forward to that day.  However, I have proven that the astrophysics they practice is not just wrong but terribly wrong and a shame to human intelligence. Thus, if they are correct, it is up to them to thrash me. If they don't thrash me, that doesn't mean they are gentlemen who do not do such a thing but poor souls who are unable to protect their positions as they know very well that they know no physics but a bit of mathematics. However, I must get this matter with astrophysics sorted out for the benefit of the world.

While there is no doubt that, physicists like to protect their position in what they have learnt and thus practicing, it is up to the generation of physics students to revolt against having to learn pseudo physics, but I won't leave it to the innocent students. I will sort it out at any cost.

Back

                                                                                                                                                   top

Why the Big Bang Theory is wrong.                        

(The following information are excerpts from the 'Grand Thesis of the Universe' and it also includes some interconnected theories -  from #14 to 19 as per the Table of Contents on the left.)

 From Page 65 - 66

"The ‘expanding Universe’, where everybody start to discuss the credibility of the Big Bang theory is not a fact to prove the Big Bang singularity or its metaphysical foundation, but the fact that the Universe was much smaller in the beginning and the CMB radiation only implies the transition from a radiation dominant earliest era to the present matter dominant era in the evolution of the Universe as the temperature dropped due to the expansion of the Universe. Therefore, the discovery of the CMB radiation only supports the fact that the early Universe was much smaller and was a fireball (hot plasma) and is indeed expanding; but does not support its emergence as an infinitely hot and dense bubble tinier than an atom magically appearing without a source from an inexplicable nowhere to create even its own space, which is absolutely unphysical and in short, a fairytale.

The fact that the Universe is expanding was first formulated by Alexander Friedmann and without doubt, Lemaître built his theory on Friedmann’s expanding Universe model. However, the fact that the Universe is expanding does not suggest or necessarily mean that it started from being smaller than an atomic nucleus. Where everything in the Universe must be physical, no laws of physics could support the density or the volume of a substance to be infinite either way.  What is this energy that could reach infinite density and near zero volume and be infinitely hot by itself without mass being present to generate heat? The Big Bang theorist never explained any of that. Does any other physicist understand any of that to accept the theory being correct? If they do not understand such aspects that relate to physics, the question is, how and why do they accept the Big Bang theory as correct?

Our present understanding of the evolving and expanding Universe is correct only from the time when the Universe was around 300,000 years old; or else, ever since the temperature of the Universe dropped to about 4000° k. Beyond that epoch, only our mathematical extrapolations of the emergence of matter is correct because we have understood certain facts on the emergence of particles with the help of our particle accelerators.  Nevertheless, the ultimate origin of mass still rests on metaphysics according to the Big Bang theory as it implies that, there being an inexplicable and therefore, inconceivable  nothingness without the existence of even the empty Space.  Under such circumstances, the magical appearance of the so-called infinitely hot and dense ‘Primeval Atom’ or the ‘Space Bubble’ which, cannot be explained or understood  without believing in the existence of a grand Creator to be given the credit for the phenomenon, remains a myth. Needless to say, none of that is physics.  ‘Belief’ is a blind aspect in every respect since mere belief is necessary where facts are not evident and therefore, ‘belief’ is not an aspect in physics. Thus, the Big Bang theory which fails to establish its foundation or basic facts at least in a sensible explanation let alone in terms of physics, is a false account, a fairytale on the emergence of the Universe, and we are yet to understand the true origin of the Universe".

From P 72 - 79

"Let us now analyse the so-called creation of the Space for the Universe by the ‘Tiny Bubble’ that said to have no outside to it and exploded to become an immense bubble to house billions of galaxies studded with billions of stars in them or in other words, to be a sphere as big as billions of light years across at present and still expanding despite there is nothing called ‘outside’ to the Universe according to the very theory. If Space did not exist before the Big Bang, what was in place of the nothingness – the Void – is a question unanswerable because; the great unbounded void is not a property by itself to vanish or to contract and expand and therefore, that aspect of the Big Bang theory is not physics but metaphysics and in fact,  totally nonsensical. It is nonsense wrapped up in mathematics to sound scientific yet cannot be proven since none of that is real. Mathematics is a manmade tool used in developing physics as a science and therefore, physics must be known to develop further with mathematics. Thus, unlike in engineering which is manmade physics with the help of mathematics, where the natural physical phenomena is not understood with one's wisdom, mathematics can only be applied to nonsensical ideas of our ignorance in creating absurd hypotheses if we are to call such hypotheses 'physics'. Unfortunately, that is exactly what is happening in astrophysics and as a result, astrophysics is a great jumble. The grand thesis of the Universe explains basic pure physics of the nature as they take place in nature, without any human inputs. That is where the 'Grand Thesis of the Universe' is of paramount importance for the advancement of astrophysics. Unfortunately, all physicists in the world have become physicists with their knowledge in mathematics which made them mere engineers dealing in artificial physics. That is only one part of physics as a science that deals with artificial (manmade) physics as well as nature's physics. Thus, engineers with their mathematics and the PhD are not really physicists although we call them physicists. Universities cannot produce true physicists but engineers because, nobody can teach anybody how to explore natural physical phenomena in order to understand them since, understanding totally unknown natural physical phenomena only lies with a person's intuition backed by his  wisdom. Thus, a true physicist must be born to understand nature's physical phenomena with his intuitive mind rather than learning to become a physicist capable of understanding nature's physics. If that is not true, our physicists would have solved all the mysteries of the Universe a long time ago. The grand thesis of the Universe exposes mostly unknowable basic natural physics at least for centuries to come just as they were not understood for centuries; and now it is a piece of cake to go beyond with those physical phenomena with our tool - the mathematics. We may find certain properties in Space but that doesn’t mean the Space by itself is a property as misunderstood by Einstein in his GR. Whatever properties we find in Space belong to the Universe. Unfortunately, so far ‘Space’ meant only the Space within the Universe ever since the Christian theologian Saint Augustine said in the 5^th century AD that, “Time is a property of the Universe that God created”, which led us to the ‘Space-time’ and the expanding ‘elastic Space’ concepts in our ignorance or to uphold Saint Augustine’s cosmology since the Universe is expanding instead of the space.

Thus, needless to say that, every aspect of the Big Bang theory is based on metaphysics.  When there was no Space for anything to take place, the mysterious appearance of the so-called tiny Space bubble without its origin explained by the theorist, so far remains ever inexplicable by any physicist. On the other hand, since the exploding bubble created Space and the Universe within, it is said that there is no outside to the Universe. None of that relate to physics but to metaphysics and to the occult. We don’t need to know any physics to understand most things in nature.  We have an intuitive mind which is brilliant if developed properly.  But in here, nobody needs a great intuition or wisdom either to understand that a bubble, whatever it may be, should not only have an inside, but an outside as well.  That is an undeniable aspect in physics or anything physical which, one would understand without knowing any laws of physics. If that is one drawback for the Big Bang theory, the appearance of the so-called bubble without a conceivable origin is magical. So is the mysterious energy that turned into mass.  Thus, the entire base of the big bang theory is nothing but a fairytale. Interestingly, we have accepted that to be the origin of the Universe; perhaps because, without the facts on any of its aspects explained, it imposes the existence of a grand Creator. If that was intended by Georges Lemaître – the clergyman turned physicist who apparently extrapolated the Big Bang theory by combining Saint Augustine’s 1500 year old ‘Space-time’ concept together with E=mc² and the elastic, curved Space-time suggested by the theory of general relativity to fit into Alexander Friedmann’s expanding Universe model, is not a matter of concern within the scoop of this thesis.  (Please note that the matters of human ignorance and deception are dealt with in the author's yet to be published book 'The Outrage and the Idyll'. The book exposes the secret behind the  evolutionary process - 'the natural selection' for anybody to ponder with becoming intelligent by knowing how so well orderly life could emerge spontaneously.

Nevertheless, unless we prove why the Big Bang theory is wrong we cannot put forward a new theory on the origin of the Universe because, the Big Bang theory has been accepted as correct for more than half a century and therefore, the sheer publication of a new theory on the origin of the Universe wouldn’t prove the existing theory wrong rather than remaining just another idea on the matter since, those who have accepted the Big Bang theory wouldn’t know why it is wrong. Isn’t it the very reason for the acceptance of the Big Bang theory? Of course not. Except Alexander Friedmann’s original idea of the expanding Universe on which the Big Bang theory was built, all its other fundamental aspects are metaphysical and they quite clearly suggest the existence of a Grand Creator responsible for the emergence of the Universe which fulfills a strong desire of  almost the entire mankind in their ignorance and helplessness, and that is ‘to be led’. Thus, obviously there is a strong resistance to find why the Big Bang theory is wrong. Instead, many a book has been written to impress the reader why the theory is correct. If the theory is correct, why such an enormous ongoing effort is necessary to establish its correctness even after eighty years of its publication? Unfortunately for the students or any other reader, the authors of such books only discuss the events after the Big Bang to prove the theory being correct and avoid discussing the fundamental aspects of the Big Bang theory rather than perhaps finally quoting Saint Augustine’s rude dismissal to answer an unanswerable question or themselves literally asking the reader not to ask unanswerable questions. Thus, if not believing in the existence of a grand creator responsible for the emergence of the Universe, one must at least believe that the Universe is extraordinary in order to accept the Big Bang theory. Of course, the Universe is extraordinary to the ignorant, and in most people’s case, that ignorance is a mistake by believing in those who said so. This thesis rectifies their mistake.

Thus, the Big Bang theory still remains to be proven; yet, accepted as correct only due to a little hitch in the human intelligence. When the case with the Big Bang theory is such, unless its falsity is proven beyond any doubt, there is no point in suggesting the true origin of the Universe especially because, those who believe in the Big Bang theory are not prepared to accept the origin of the Universe to be otherwise. And for that matter, not only the so called ‘primeval atom’ or the tiny bubble of infinite energy that has no origin, but also the ‘inflation theory’ that supports the bubble’s explosion expanding the Universe astronomically faster than the speed of light in a fraction of a second are suggestions of sheer ignorance in physics wrapped up in mathematics if we are referring to physics.  Before we go ahead to prove why that is, it must be said that it is done without prejudice for the progress of astrophysics and cosmology and also for the progress of the mankind since our ignorance has proved to be unbelievably disastrous especially in recent times. Let us let the grand creator himself (if there is one) prove his existence rather than we try to prove his existence with our useless two-pence worth on the matter because, we could speak of him only in hallucination and not with any sense at all as we are chasing after somebody’s dream.

‘A footnote’

(Those who want more support to leave astrophysics alone without adulterating with metaphysics and the occult due to their ignorance and deception, must please wait for the publication of a book (The Outrage and the Idyll) written by this author  for the total enlightenment of the mankind by solving ‘the great riddle of life’.)

                                                                                                                                                            top

Physics is the science for understanding and explaining any physical phenomena. Therefore, the origin of the ‘Tiny Bubble’ or the primeval atom must be established for us to consider it as a theory on the origin of the Universe.  Unfortunately, and surprisingly, we have accepted the magical appearance of the tiny bubble without its origin explained by the theorist or at least eventually by any other physicist or cosmologist who support that hypothesis; and accepting something that its author cannot explain in the first place makes no sense and therefore, a shame if we are into physics.    

On the other hand, the theory of inflation formulated to further explain how the Big Bang expanded the Universe to be about a light year apart in a fraction of a micro second soon after the said initial explosion is not referring to true physics. The inflation theory suggests that, the Universe doubled in size every 10^-34 seconds, and after 100 doublings, which altogether lasted only 10^-32 second, the Universe was inflated to the size of our Solar System; that means around one light year across.

At the speed of approx: 300,000 km per second light travels about 9.5 Trillion km in a year. So, if we assume our Solar System to be 10 Trillion km from one end to the other, and keep a tiny bubble smaller than an atom in the dead centre of our Solar System, that bubble has to expand 5 Trillion km in any direction in a fraction of a second as short as 10^-32 second to become as big as our Solar System. That means travelling 5 Trillion km in 10^-32 seconds, or simply astronomically faster than the speed of light. This is where the inflation theory is wrong because, while the possibility of that speed and the correctness of its cause remain to be proven, in reality, if the early Universe expanded at such an enormous speed at any given time even for a fraction of a second, the simple and obvious laws of physics imply that there wouldn’t be a Universe today. That is because, even if we assume that, such an awesome speed of expansion is possible, the Universe did not emerge in its own space cocoon as the Big Bang theory implies, to be intact as a whole; but emerged in the eternal infinite space which is absolute and therefore, if the expansion speed of the Universe exceeds the speed of light at which all waves travel in keeping the Universe bound together, the Universe will be shattered by expanding over the speed of light and the fragments would be lost in the infinite  space travelling  forever at the amazing speed suggested by the inflation theory since the infinite space is absolute and thus, there is no stopping or slowing down for anything travelling in the absolute space even at the speed we would drive a car unless matter is bounded by some means. (Please refer to the theories on the trilogy of space and how the gravitational attractions of mass propagate in space for further clarification on the rejection of the inflation theory and the big bang.)

(Please see the bottom of this page to sum up the above aspect of the Universe emerging in an explosion which is unphysical.)

Since the misconceptions established by the Big Bang theory with the Universe emerging from nothing have gone too far in pushing us to believe in the magical appearance of some unobservable kind of pure energy from the vacuum even in particle physics, the most vital law that we must understand in physics is:

‘Nothing could ever emerge from nothing’

That is because; all things physical must emerge from a property. The Space is nothingness – the void, and nothingness is not a property. Whatever properties we may find in Space is the Universe as a whole. The Space has nothing to do with the Universe. When every action must emerge in reaction is a fundamental law in physics, all physical phenomena must emerge in reaction. Therefore, just as the fish need water to swim and the birds need air to fly, the Universe must establish a medium to link or to bind its mass together to be as a whole in Space for its existence and evolution for which, motion of mass is necessary. We shall discuss this great fact in due course to understand why mass need to be within a medium in order to move just as fish or birds do, and what that medium is. However, it must be said that, it is not the bygone day hypothetical ether that is referred to in here as a medium in space. The idea of the ether as a medium in space that facilitates the motion of mass and massless particles was quite cleaver but unfortunately, no physicist could understand what they thought as the ether really was. Without knowing the facts, the experiments to find the existence of the ether failed. If they knew the facts, nobody would have called it ‘ether’ or dropped the idea of a medium permeating the space. After rejecting the idea of the ether, it was assumed that the electromagnetic radiation can travel by itself in the vacuum. Interestingly, that assumption did not base on reason but simply because it is nevertheless happening. We did not understand how exactly magnetism emerges in reaction and therefore, believed in the spontaneous travel of the photon with electric and magnetic properties. The laws of motion in space published in this thesis explain the facts behind that phenomenon.

With what we have analysed so far, we don’t find any sense in the basis of the Big Bang theory. It doesn’t suggest anything to do with physics; and therefore, it is a false account on the origin of the Universe. If we are honest at lease to ourselves, we must set aside our personal interests in finding evidence in physics on the existence of a grand creator and accept the fact that the Big Bang theory is an absurd hypothesis on the origin of the Universe. Thus, there is a great void in astrophysics and cosmology without the Origin of the Universe known. Let us fill that void with the true Origin of the Universe for the progress of astrophysics.  The true Origin of the Universe will certainly yell whether the Universe was created or not. Thus, we don’t have to disgrace the magnificent human brain that took no less than 500 million years to evolve into the present state (an almighty god would have done it in a flash, what a shame for natural selection that took so long?), by trying to deceive ourselves by twisting facts to suit our interests. If we must understand the truth, we must probe with an open mind and be prepared to accept the facts. That is the best ‘Theory of Everything’ for the entire mankind, let alone for the physicists. So, let us probe with an open mind. With an open mind, we shall not fail to understand the truth in anything, let alone in physics.

The empty Space is ‘Nothingness’ and that nothingness is infinite (because to stop the infinite nothingness, there should be something which is beyond the wildest imagination of anybody, let alone any other aspects of its existence) just as nothingness cannot have a beginning or an end. Therefore, the existence of the nothingness that we call the ‘Space’ or the ‘Void’ is eternal and limitless. The empty space being infinite nothingness cannot be created. ‘Creation’ essentially refers to something physical and for that matter; the ‘Space’ is not a property although we find certain properties in space. However, that is a different aspect relative to the existence of the Universe and physics is to deal with that aspect.

In our day to day practical experience of Space of course, we can create space, but only in some respect, and that is by moving something aside or by expanding the boundaries of a given area. That means we can create space within something or in some place, provided we could move or remove what is in it, or by moving away its boundaries and for that, there should be space around such boundaries. Anybody can understand such simple physics. The undeniable reality behind that bit of simple physics is the fact that, to create space, either we may have to remove something that is there into another place or move that thing away from its position or else, expand the boundaries of the enclosure; and for that, again we must find space around the boundaries. Now, with that simple bit of physics we have found an undeniable principle in physics in relation to ‘Creating Space’. Whether you are trying to create more space for you on planet earth or the Universe trying to find more space to expand, the same principle applies. Thus, the Universe must have space outside its perimeter into which to expand. Therefore, the Universe having no space outside is false. On the other hand, if the Universe emerged by creating its own Space at the same time, then the Space is created within something just as we may create a vacuum within something and in that case, just as our artificial vacuum is within an enclosure, the Space created with the Universe must be within an enclosure. Therefore, the Universe having no outside is false again and this time the Universe being inside a cocoon is even more amazing if not ridiculous than having an inexplicable no outside.

The Universe emerged in the eternal and infinite Space and the perimeter of the Universe is marked by the cosmic microwave background radiation that resulted from the primordial fireball. The Universe was much smaller in the beginning. We shall understand why that was when we discuss the origin of the Universe. Whether emerged in an explosion or not, the Universe is expanding in the absolute space due to the nature of matter. If the Universe emerged around 15 billion years ago, now the Space acquired by the Universe is a huge sphere of 30 billion light years across since the rate of expansion is about the speed of light. Nevertheless, that huge sphere only registers a tiny spec in the infinite Space. Before we take on to analysing the three distinct states of the Space, let us have a brief look at another aspect of the Big Bang theory.

If the space bubble was infinitely hot as said, according to known laws of physics there should be at least one electron to generate that heat and at least one photon to carry that heat must be present since the bubble was said to be smaller than an atom. However, that means matter was already present within the bubble even before its explosion which we call the Big Bang that supposed to have created matter. Therefore, despite the explained ultra miniature size of the bubble, if the bubble was infinitely hot or just tepid, that suggests the presence of matter within the bubble, as heat is primarily generated by motion of mass and thus, since mass was already present the emergence of the Universe must be cyclic – that means the Universe reemerging after the collapse of a previous Universe.  If so, the Universe did not emerge from a tiny bubble, or as a tiny bubble to begin with, but as a huge fireball that resulted in the inward collapse of the previous Universe and all that happened somewhere in the eternal and limitless space, and time was also flowing eternally as time is a non-physical aspect which flows independent of whether there is anything or nothing in the eternal infinite space. Unlike we ever had any idea, time is of two facets and the other face of time is associated with motion, in becoming a factor. We shall discuss time in a new theory to understand time for the first time.  Thus, the origin of the Universe neither created the ‘Space’, nor initiated the flow of ‘Time’ which is eternal as a non-physical free flowing aspect. That means the combination or the linking of ‘Space-time’ is also wrong since the space is not a cocoon that was created. The so called space-time could only be meaningful if the space was created with the Universe within it but such a hypothesis is nothing but a disgrace to human intelligence let alone considering being physics.

Time is not a dimension of space which is infinite and infinity has no boundaries and therefore, infinite space is without dimensions. However, time becomes a dimension of the expanding Universe and what makes the non-physical time that flows independent of any physical phenomena, a physical factor and a dimension of the Universe is interesting physics. It is the physical phenomenon the speed of motion that makes the non-physical time a physical factor and therefore, ‘speed-time’ is the fourth dimension of the expanding Universe. Please refer to the theory of time to clarify ‘speed-time’ further.

We may find certain properties in space especially due to the existence of the Universe.  However, the ‘space’ whether completely empty or not, is not a property by itself to obey any laws of physics as suggested by the general theory of relativity without explaining what the property referred to as space is. The eccentricity or the precession of the orbit of the planet Mercury or else, the bending of light near massive bodies is not evidence on the correctness of the general relativity and they being misinterpretations of facts are proven in this thesis. Such an idea of the space being a property is nothing but a great misconception due to our ignorance or else purposefully twisting facts to suit the theory. Interestingly but unfortunately, the theorist of the general relativity has openly advocated the changing of facts to fit the theory if the facts doesn’t fit the theory.  Thus, without relying on anybody’s established genius to accept whatever he says, let us find the facts ourselves as we go, to discard these great misconceptions that mar the progress of cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics".

                                                                                                                                                        top

From P 79 - 99

‘Space’ – The Great Trilogy of the Vacuum

Space generally means the void, the nothingness or the vacuum. However, space can be of different conditions and the condition or the state of the space counts in physics because all physical phenomena take place in space. Thus, when apparently there is more than one type of space, we have to define the space according to the state of the space and we find three different states of the space – the vacuum.

1) The Infinite Absolute Vacuum – is absolute Space or the true vacuum since being the nothingness, the eternal boundless void that cannot be encompassed by anything physical since everything physical is finite in every respect.

2) The Finite Conditioned Vacuum – is the finite Space of the Universe, a bounded area in the infinite absolute vacuum occupied by scattered mass and filled with a medium to facilitate the motion of mass; thus, an area of the eternal infinite Space where a general physical condition is established by the Universe. 

3) The Finite and Acute Absolute Vacuum – is a finite spherical area of true vacuum (absolute space) made somewhat an acute vacuum by certain physical phenomena surrounding it and created within the conditioned Space of the Universe; and it is the true definition of ‘Black Hole’ where wave propagation is not possible due to the acute vacuum state is in reverse order. That means the great magnetic ring around the vacuum is sucking everything within the vacuum and thus, wave propagation into the vacuum is not possible.

The above three definitions as a whole is the true definition of ‘Space’ for the first time in cosmology and astrophysics. ‘Space’ as we generally call the void is boundless because the void means nothingness and there cannot be an end to that nothingness. Limits are for anything physical and thus, nothingness is boundless. Nevertheless, in that infinite expanse of the void, there may be areas where mass exist and the existence of our Universe is the best example on that. However, the existence of our Universe or for that matter, even the existence of multiple Universes if that is the case, does not affect the basic state of the infinite void otherwise being an absolute vacuum since there is no general condition within the great void. The emergence and the existence of a Universe on the other hand change the state of the area of the infinite absolute vacuum occupied by the Universe into an area of a conditioned vacuum due to certain phenomena of its mass. So far, in whatever field of physics when we said ‘Space’ we only referred to this conditioned and finite vacuum, yet not knowing it is conditioned. We never had any idea of the existence of space or the vacuum in a different state. That is because; in our ignorance we have been quite wrong in defining the greatest evidence that exists for us to understand the different states of the space. That great invaluable evidence is what we call the black hole. They aren’t powerful gravitational wells as we have defined.  A black hole is a finite area of absolute vacuum within the conditioned vacuum of the Universe. Nevertheless, since created within the conditioned vacuum of the Universe, a black hole is in fact not merely an absolute vacuum but an acute vacuum where a medium cannot be established within, due to the phenomena governing their origination and existence. Let us now explore these amazing discoveries. 

The Infinite Absolute Vacuum

The Space being nothingness is limitless and therefore, primarily and necessarily an absolute vacuum since anything physical is finite in every respect and therefore cannot encompass the boundless void and that means the infinite vacuum is unconditioned. However, the emergence of a Universe in that absolute space changes the absolute state of the space in a given area covered by the Universe. Thus, the ‘Absolute Vacuum’ or the ‘Absolute Space’ is the boundless void outside the Universe. Why that void is boundless is because it is ‘Nothingness’; and that nothingness or the void must necessarily be infinite. It is infinite because, there cannot be any boundaries to an unthinkably immense void, just as the limitless void or the nothingness cannot have a beginning or an end.  The existence of the infinite nothingness that defined herein as the ‘Infinite Absolute Vacuum’ is the absolute or true Space without a general condition within and that boundless void being nothingness is essentially eternal. What is eternal is not created. Especially, the ‘Space’ being infinite nothingness, cannot be created. ‘Creation’ essentially refers to something physical and for that matter; the ‘Space’ or the nothingness is not a property and therefore cannot be created and not to mention that referring to or linking creation to infinite nothingness has no sense.  Nevertheless, as we have discussed earlier, finite vacuums within mass can be created. Since such finite vacuums are made by physical means either by nature in the interstellar medium or by us in the world, we can say that they are created. While creating a finite vacuum is a simple task for us, although we didn’t do it in this case, there exists finite vacuums within the Universe and we shall eventually get to discuss their emergence, evolution and the ultimate fate.        

The Universe emerges in the eternal and infinite absolute vacuum and makes the finite area occupied by it a conditioned vacuum by means of establishing a physical medium within. A physical medium that mediates the force exerted by mass is necessary to encompass the finite space occupied by the Universe to hold the Universe together apart from other requirements since a force of nature generally does not radiate from matter and we shall discuss this vital aspect in due course. So far when we referred to ‘Space’, we essentially referred to this conditioned area of space occupied by the Universe simply because of accepting the emergence of the Universe creating the space as well. Thus, we did not accept that there being space outside the Universe or simply, the Universe having an outside or else the space being infinite. Nevertheless, at the same time we have accepted the fact that the Universe is expanding despite having no outside to the Universe.  Such mind boggling inexplicable aspects that did not relate to physics are now bygone day absurd hypotheses.

Being infinite, the absolute vacuum has no dimensions – measurements of the size.  We may give some dimensions only to an area of the infinite Space where matter is present, and in that case, such dimensions that we may loosely call ‘the dimensions of Space’ are strictly of the area or the sphere of bounded space occupied by the Universe that exists in the incomparable and inconceivable endless expanse of absolute space.  In short and strictly speaking, such dimensions are of the Universe and not of the space because, despite the existence of the Universe, the space as a whole remains infinite and of course absolute. The definition of the area of space occupied by the Universe being ‘conditioned’ doesn’t mean that the Universe has truly conditioned the space it occupies. Being nothingness, space remains absolute because, nothingness cannot be dealt with. (We shall clarify that in the next paragraph.) Since nothingness cannot be dealt with, nothingness or the space is not a property to be dynamic as suggested by the general theory of relativity. Space, the void is a non-physical aspect. In fact, rather than the space being dynamic, it is the human ignorance that is dynamic and that means characterised by the force of personality and ambition, and that is an amply proven fact all over the world. With such dynamics we shouldn’t twist the facts to suit our theories or go ahead to invent facts to suite our theories. We must first find the facts to build our theories on them for the advancement of physics.     

Instead of conditioning the space which cannot be done since the space is nothing physical, what the Universe does is establishing a physical condition in space which becomes a medium that encompasses all of space of the Universe and that is a totally different aspect which is a part of the Universe. Thus, the space basically remains infinite and absolute despite the existence of the Universe. Nevertheless, with a physical condition permeating, the space of the Universe is practically a medium initiating and/or facilitating physical phenomena. It is due to this fact and that means the Universe establishing a physical medium in its space that, there could be black holes in that medium. The black holes simply mean holes in the medium that pervades the space and they expose the absolute space since, as mentioned earlier, space is basically absolute despite the existence of the Universe. These spherical hollows of absolute space that we call black holes or intense gravitational wells in our ignorance prove that the space is not dynamic or cannot be dealt with since the void is nothing physical. Nevertheless, black holes appear to be dynamic since being dark to begin with and that is because black holes are not merely absolute vacuums but also acute vacuums due to the physical phenomena governing their emergence and existence. We shall expose the deceptive phenomena of the black holes in this trilogy of space.

Our Universe with a huge perimeter that spans many billion light-years (around 30) across, may register only a tiny spec in the endless Space – the ‘Infinite Absolute Vacuum’. That tiny spec in the infinite space is four dimensional. When anything physical is essentially three dimensional we shall discuss why the Universe is four dimensional and what the fourth dimension is when we discuss the finite and conditioned space of the Universe.

When we understand the true origin of our Universe, we will know that it is feasible for us the think that there could be other Universes in that infinite void because, there is no reason why there cannot be other Universes just as ours was possible, and at the same time, there is no reason why ours couldn’t be the only Universe. However, that matter will remain inconceivable forever because, we wouldn’t ever have a clue in that respect for the mind to travel in exploring the facts unless just as our Universe is expanding another expanding Universe collides with ours. While in that case we may repent on our interest in knowing such facts as it could be disastrous, we could make use of this thought of the possible existence of other Universes in the great void to understand our position and the condition of the great unbounded void. Unlike the interstellar Space, the infinite vacuum outside the Universe is absolute Space – pure without any matter; thus, without a medium since, a medium is of particles and therefore, where no medium is present, the space outside the Universe is a true vacuum even if studded with other Universes at random because it is only the finite sphere of space occupied by a Universe that can be conditioned by a Universe.

How do we know the Infinite Vacuum to be in such a pure state? Especially, if there are many Universes, why the infinite vacuum is not filled with the gravitational attractions of the Universes just as the presence of mass does in our interstellar or intergalactic space? In order to understand these facts of the infinite absolute vacuum, we must understand how an area of the infinite vacuum becomes bounded or circumscribed to be different within with the emergence of a Universe, or simply, with the emergence of mass, and how wave propagation takes place in space.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                    top

How Waves propagate in Space

The light carrying particle photon is known to be travelling in the vacuum at the speed of approximately 300,000 km per second and it is also the quantum of the electromagnetic force. If we place a single photon in the infinite absolute space, what would happen? Will the photon travel at the above mentioned speed or even at a lesser speed? If not to the sensible logical understanding, according to the laws of physics on motion in space introduced in this thesis, the answer is ‘No’. The photon wouldn’t move at all and that means the photon wouldn’t even spin let alone travelling at any speed for that matter. That is because, even if the electric force within the photon is similar to some sort of self turning propellers or like a jet engine for that matter, the photon cannot move in absolute space because there is nothing in the absolute space to respond to the actions of the photon’s propellers or the jet engine or to any actions of the photon itself if that is assumed to be possible.   

Now, what would happen if we place another photon in the absolute space? If we place the second photon close enough to be touching the first photon, both will be attracted to each other with their gravitational attractions and due to the bubbly nature of their force they will start spinning in reaction to each other’s force. But if we place the second photon even a millimetre apart, they will stay apart and motionless since the space between them is absolute – unconditioned without a medium being present to link their gravitational attractions together. Since the photon (or whatever particle except the quark) itself does not emit a particle to carry its force away (radiate beyond the photon), there should be a medium between the two photons to link their gravitational attractions together or else, the abundance of photons in a finite area of space should be great enough so that the photons are physically touching each other for them to respond to each other’s presence with the force exerted by them. In that respect the wave nature of the force does not reach (radiate) beyond 10^-15 inches or so from the surface of the photon and that is why their abundance to be great enough for them to be physically touching.

Before we proceed any further with the above example or thought experiment, it must be mentioned that, our present acceptance of the photon as the energy quantum and being attracted to gravity due to the very reason is a wrong notion. While the photon or nothing else is of the mythical energy, not only mass but the massless particles are of gravity (concentrated gravity) and is proven with evidence in this thesis. The second law governing motion of matter already established in this thesis implies the fact that matter must emerge from a force of nature to inherit the characteristics of that force in order to interact with each other since only a force could counter or attract a force.

That law implies the fact that, matter that emerged through a force of nature must display the characteristics of that force. Thus, if the photon is attracted to gravity that means despite being the electric force carrier, the photon also displays the characteristics of force gravity. The reason for that is the fact that the electric forces emerging through gravity. In other words, the electric force being a gravitational phenomenon is based on gravity. (Please refer to the theory on the electric forces and the charge for clarification on this matter.) Therefore, where linking magnetism to electricity was a mistake, the true definition of the photon is the ‘Electrogravitational Force Carrier’. However, such a change would only make matters too complicated rather than rectifying an error. On the other hand, although there is no force that is electromagnetic, electromagnetism is a true phenomenon that emerges in reaction and due to the abundance of the photon the phenomenon is prominent with the EM force and therefore, we can forget a little hitch in the history? Interestingly, due to its abundance in the Universe and the role it plays (which we shall discuss), the photon is good enough even to be called the ‘quantum gravity’; but the photon carries a concentrated force of gravity instead of the basic force gravity the quantum gravity should carry.

Now, if we get back to our thought experiment and place not just two but a million or a few millions of photons touching each other in the absolute space the result would be an amazing phenomenon with their spinning and travel. However, if we place the millions of photons apart from each other they will stay apart and motionless as the space between them is absolute; and if we place them touching each other, they become a physical medium in space for themselves due to the mediation of their own force by them and will spin and travel in reaction to one another as a medium causing an affect, as implied by the laws of motion in space.  

No force travels like the mind without being linked with particles that carry the force to travel as a wave, and emission of force carriers is the true radiation of force by a body but there is no such radiation of force in the Universe other than a special case with the strong nuclear force which we shall discuss later. The forces of nature are carried by quanta and therefore, while there is no necessity for a force to radiate and when that means emitting force carriers, it is not possible since force carriers are already in quantum state. That is why a physical medium encompassing all of space occupied by the Universe must be present in space to mediate the force exerted by mass in order to govern the large scale structure of the Universe and that is apart from other requirements such as initiating or facilitating various physical phenomena in the Universe.

Thus, the laws of physics governing motion in absolute space require a physical medium that causes an affect on matter in space to be present which could necessarily mediate the fundamental force exerted by matter and massive bodies, in holding the Universe together. That fundamental force is gravity through which everything else has emerged and thus, they exert the force gravity. Thus, the medium in space which is basically the abundance of matter that would encompass all of space occupied by the Universe, mediating the gravitational attractions exerted by matter and massive bodies as a medium that initiates or facilitates motion in space and holding the Universe together at the same time.

The foremost reaction of this encounter of matter and the medium is the ‘Spin’ of matter including the particles of the medium. Spin is the foremost and of course, the primary motion in the Universe. It is the ‘spin’ that really moulds the Universe. It is unfortunate that we couldn’t understand this fundamental aspect of the Universe, let alone understanding any other aspect deriving through it. Please refer to the ‘Spin’ theory to understand how and why, matter spin. 

As we have discussed in detail, the space being nothingness is eternal, infinite and absolute. Unlike a finite area being filled with a medium, infinity cannot be filled with a medium no matter how many Universes are in the infinite vacuum simply due to the fact that, infinity is boundless. We have discussed why matter themselves cannot travel in absolute space and now we know that every action must emerge in reaction. On the other hand, a vital law implies the fact that, everything physical is finite in every respect. Therefore, the infinite space outside of the Universe always remains absolute even if studded with numerous Universes.    

                                                                                                                                  top

The Finite Conditioned Vacuum

A Universe emerges in the eternal and infinite absolute Space and by spreading mass and massless particles around as it expands, bounds an area of the absolute Space with greatly abundant particles of mass and massless particles. Therefore, within the perimeter of the Universe, the acquired Space is no longer absolute or a true vacuum. ‘Gravity’, the medium that encompasses all of Space within the Universe is the necessary prerequisite required by the laws of motion for all kinds of motion to take place in the Space acquired by the Universe. The Space acquired or occupied by the Universe is finite only in the sense of a boundary marked by the cosmic microwave background radiation of the primeval fireball and therefore, that boundary stretches further into the infinite vacuum in acquiring more Space as the Universe keeps expanding.

Thus, what we define as the ‘finite conditioned vacuum’ is the space occupied by the Universe in the infinite absolute space. We have already discussed the fact that the space being nothingness or the void, is necessarily eternal and infinite and therefore absolute. The Universe emerged in the infinite absolute space and has established a general condition with its fundamental force within the finite area of the space it occupies. We define this condition in space as a medium in space that changes the absolute state of the infinite space into a conditioned state within the finite area occupies by the Universe at any given time as the Universe expands. However, as mentioned earlier when we discussed the infinite absolute space, the conditioned state of the finite space of the Universe doesn’t mean that the Universe has changed the state of the absolute space in a given area occupied by it rather than establishing a condition – a physical medium in the absolute space where it is expanding by means of scattering its mass and massless quanta. Thus, despite the existence of the Universe, the space basically remains absolute as nothingness cannot be dealt with. Nevertheless, generally speaking, the finite area of space occupied by the Universe is a conditioned vacuum since a medium – gravity – encompasses all of that finite space which, we call the ‘Space of the Universe’ and its conditioned state is what counts on physical phenomena.

Although we are yet to discuss the origin of the Universe, it is not necessary for us to know how exactly the Universe emerged to understand the different state of the Space of the Universe compared to the infinite absolute vacuum. We live in Space. Our world is just another heavenly body in space. Therefore, let us begin with understanding the space around us. The Space around us is part of the unbounded void that we have discussed in the previous theory. Fortunately for us, the Space immediately around us is not absolute but filled with certain properties that support life. They are mass of gasses that make the atmosphere around the earth and there are the earth’s gravitational attractions and various heat radiations that include visible light. All these are particles that propagate as waves – except gravitational attractions which, are not waves despite some claims supporting the hypothesis. (We shall discuss that soon.)  If the earth remains without any of those mass surrounding it, then the Space around the earth becomes absolute – a true vacuum and needless to say, life on earth wouldn’t be possible. The phenomena surrounding the earth cannot be unique in the Universe where the number of stars that, in their emergence could give rise to planetary systems is astronomical and among them planets that could give rise to and support life cannot be scarce.  Therefore, there must be a basis in the space of the Universe for such phenomena that surround the earth. We must understand what that basis is.  If the gravitational attractions of the earth hold the atmosphere that surrounds the earth we must understand how it happens since gravity being an attractive force cannot radiate beyond the earth and mass doesn’t radiate a force for that matter as we have discussed earlier. The fact behind the phenomenon of the earth’s gravitational attractions spreading out into the space explains the condition of the space. In fact, that very fact is the condition of the space of the Universe. We must discuss that first, to go any further with this theory.

(The following is a vital theory in need to understand this theory and therefore, this theory will continue afterwards.)

                                                                                                                                   top

How gravitational attractions of mass propagate in the space.

‘Action at a Distance’ being true physics is a theory within this theory.

(The theory of Action at a Distance is dedicated with pleasure to the great physicist Sir Isaac Newton whose physics required the phenomenon to be real, yet unfortunately, nobody including himself could not understand the amazing phenomenon to be possible.)

The ‘space’ is not absolute or in other words not a true vacuum when mass is present in the form of immensely abundant quanta. We have already established the fact that a medium – an intervening substance producing an affect to be present throughout all of space acquired by the Universe to initiate and facilitate the wave propagation, and the motion of mass in space other than the travel due to the repulsive force of a blast or of a collision. With a medium present, the space is no longer absolute but conditioned.

However, the mere existences of mass do not make the interstellar space or the space within the Universe a medium, in the sense and necessarily a field of force, unless mass radiate or exert a force that encompasses all of space of the Universe. For that matter we know that mass exert gravitational attractions. Nevertheless, the gravitational attractions of mass do not propagate in space as waves as we presently believe. Our present understanding on how gravity encompasses the whole of space of the Universe or how gravity propagates (spreads) through space is completely wrong in the wake of our total ignorance on this force except recognising it as a fundamental force that exists. Thus, although we say particles and aggregated mass display gravitational attractions without understanding why it is so, they do not radiate the force beyond their surface or emit the gravity quanta to carry the force spread out from a particle or a body of mass, let alone as a long range wave. In discussing the quantum gravity we understood basic gravity (gravity necessarily means basic gravity. Other forces of concentrated gravity are electric forces) is not of waves. On the other hand, mass do not radiate gravity or an electric force by the emission of relevant force carriers and for that matter, an attractive force does not generally radiate because, to radiate means to spread out and when the force is in quantum state and that means the force is in quanta, the force does not have to radiate by means of emission of force carriers. Instead, mass is of gravity (strictly speaking, mass is of concentrated gravity and that means of electric forces) and the force within mass being attractive, the force only contracts – draw together within mass and thus, the force is attractive. In that respect it must be mentioned that, there is no physical force of repulsion. (There cannot be a repulsive force because a repulsive force must radiate by emitting its force quanta and that is not possible since a force must be in quantum state and the quanta cannot be reduced by emitting other quanta unless a quantum is of a higher force value to emit another quantum which is generally not the case and we will come to such matters later.)  Therefore, there is no such thing called radiation of gravitational attractions or radiation of any force for that matter unless the force carrying particles – quanta are emitted (true radiation of force) by mass to mediate the force as in the case of the quark emitting a few gluons – the strong force carriers to prevent a quark fleeing a combination of quarks and it is a different and specific aspect altogether which we shall discuss in due course. Although it is true radiation of the strong force, it is not the spontaneous radiation of the strong force that we mean by ‘radiation of a force. The so-called radiation of gravitational attractions of mass in the interstellar space is not the actual radiation of force but a different phenomenon explained in this theory.    

All phenomena of the Universe are purely physical. Nothing in the Universe and no action in the Universe are phenomenal enough to be paranormal. It is in our inability to understand the Universe that we have the notional idea of the Universe to be extraordinary. The two theories of relativity in that respect are wrong. Such misinterpretations of certain phenomena in the Universe have only given us great misconceptions in astrophysics and cosmology. Now it is time for us to leave behind such pseudo physics of the 20th century.  

The space is primarily absolute and anything physical in that absolute space doesn’t have the ability to travel spontaneously rather than due to the existence of other physical phenomena as required by the laws of motion in space. Thus, a physical medium that has something in common with the basic features of the Universe must exist in space even for a force carrying particle to travel or mediate its force by way of forming a physical link perhaps as a wave of quanta travelling through the medium in space since, just as mass, no force quantum is radiating the force beyond the quantum. Therefore, force quanta must have physical contacts with each other or any other to mediate their force.

Nothing by itself could travel like the mind travels or move in space if the space is absolute, and no physical force of nature could radiate the force beyond the force carriers and forces of nature are mediated by the physical link of particles in space. Therefore, with the third law of motion in space, we have justified the necessity for a physical medium which encompasses all of space of the Universe to make possible the motion of mass and wave propagation in reaction to that medium in space since the issue has led us to have a wrong notion without knowing facts. That wrong notion is we think the electromagnetic radiation could propagate through the space with electric and magnetic repulsion without there being a physical medium in space. We already know that is highly unphysical because now we know what magnetism is and how exactly the phenomenon emerges in reaction; and reactions emerge in response to the existence of another thing causing an affect. Therefore, it is quite clear that, a physical medium must be present in the absolute space for any motion to emerge in reaction. What we failed to understand in believing the spontaneous propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in space is the fact that every action must emerge in reaction because all phenomena in the Universe must be physical and for that matter, the secret behind the apparent spontaneous propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in the vacuum is the abundance of photon (even if nothing else is in the vacuum) and of course together with certain other abundant particles establishing a physical medium in space for  reactions to emerge. Without such a physical medium present in space, as we have already discussed, a photon wouldn’t be moving in any manner in absolute space in the first place. Therefore, as the law on physical phenomena implies, all phenomena concerning the emergence, evolution and the existence of the Universe must be physical and therefore, everything happening in the Universe to be physical. Thus, everything including the fundamental forces must be of physical form whether they are of mass or massless quanta, in order to give rise to physical phenomena necessarily in reaction.

Anything physical cannot travel like the mind without physical links or without being forced to react. If a force could radiate without emitting  force carriers, in the sense, have the force travel like the mind without being a physical entity that is physically linked to travel as a wave, the Universe is not possible because, a single force carrier is enough for that force to radiate throughout space and there is no resistance in the absolute space to stop that force reaching infinity without diminishing; and thus, there cannot be another force since there is no space for it to radiate since the radiation of a force is already encompassing all of space. If another force must radiate in space without any physical links like the mind, it must acquire the space by overpowering the existing force and in that case, it is only the latter force that would exist in space, provided it is stronger than the other, and if not, the stronger force will overpower the weaker force. Thus, let us establish the following law based on such facts.

‘Since a force of nature cannot radiate the force, it must exist in the Universe in quantum physical state and be abundant to spread the force. Where a force cannot radiate, existing in quantum force carriers is also the only way especially, if two or more forces of nature are to be in the Universe’.

When the forces are of physical quanta they cannot reach infinity like with the extraordinary ability of the mind since their number is finite and therefore the infinite space will remain absolute forever and a Universe will only condition a finite area in its emergence and evolution within the infinite space.

The laws governing the forces of nature require even the fundamental force of the Universe to be of particles – quanta. Therefore, the gravitational attractions of mass cannot be waves of force radiation and instead, must be linked to the medium in existence in space to be affective beyond the surface of a massive body where mass does not emit its force carrying particles for the radiation of the force and the radiation of force cannot take place without the emission of force carriers to make waves. That is why a medium must be present within the space of the Universe even for the mediation of force for the existence of the Universe as a whole and for its evolution.

We have unveiled the quantum gravity for the first time in the history of physics in this thesis and with it, let us now clarify and also  justify this theory on how gravitational attractions of mass propagate through the interstellar space and eliminate the wrong notion of gravitational attractions of mass encompassing all of space of the Universe. Gravitational attractions of mass (massive bodies) cannot encompass all of space of the Universe since the force exerted by mass is mediated by the medium in space and is subject to fall with the inverse square law due to the very fact – mediation of the force. Now we understand that except the quantum gravity which is of basic force  gravity, the rest of matter are of concentrated gravity and therefore, the constituents of the medium in space also mediate their own gravitational attractions due to their physical abundance encompassing the whole of space of the Universe as a physical medium. This is the fact behind the homogeneity of the Universe and better still, since we got the origin of mass wrong and looking in all direction with a wrong calculation for the missing mass, the medium exposes the mysterious dark matter or the missing mass. Please refer to the theory of the Dark Matter for clarification.

In discussing the quantum gravity we understood the fact that the force gravity is not of waves and even otherwise, mass do not radiate gravity or any force for that matter by means of emission of force carriers and therefore there are no gravitational waves since the emission of force carriers in abundance is necessary for making waves; for instance, as it happens with various electromagnetic radiation where photons are produced in the process. Our idea of the existence of gravitational waves is a great misconception especially when up until now nobody ever understood what gravity really is or even what the quantum gravity is. When mass do not radiate the force gravity, let us now discuss how exactly the gravitational attractions of mass propagate in the interstellar space since we have already discussed certain aspects relevant to the matter and also have unveiled the quantum gravity, without knowing which we cannot discuss the phenomenon of gravitational waves no matter the quantum gravity is not of waves to make waves.

Neutrino, the quantum gravity that encompasses all of space of the Universe together with the photon and electron and other less abundant particles, forms the medium in space that makes possible the propagation of the electromagnetic and heat radiation also helps propagate gravitational attractions of mass by means of physical mediation of the constituents of the medium in space. Due to this physical link of heavenly bodies, action at a distance is true and very simple physics that we should be ashamed of for not being able to understand. We shall discuss this simple phenomenon very soon.

The electric forces being entities of gravity, the photon displays gravitational attractions and therefore, attracted to the gravitational attractions of aggregated bodies of mass just as the quantum gravity neutrino and as any other particle would be attracted. Thus, a body of mass with its gravitational attractions attracts the neutrinos, photons and electrons that are abundant in space together with whatever other particles that may be in space (which establishes a medium in space) and the intensity of the gravitational attractions of the body of mass is mediated through the interstellar space by these quanta by way of their density to the gravitational attractions of the body of mass and therefore, their density around the body of mass falls with the inverse square law as the distance from the body of mass – the source of gravitational attractions – becomes greater. That is how gravitational attractions of mass spread through the interstellar space when their force of attraction is not radiated by them by way of emitting force carriers. Since these particles – the neutrinos and photons etc are attracted to a body of mass, the force is mediated through the physical contact of these particles and therefore, gravitational attractions of mass do not travel as waves and most importantly, cannot travel as waves where no force carrying particles are emitted in radiating the force that is within, by a body of mass. Thus, there are no gravitational waves. Interestingly, the quantum gravity neutrino is carrying the basic force gravity that is not of waves and therefore, cannot make waves in their emergence by any means. (Please refer to the theory of the wave particle duality of matter for further clarification on that.)

The magnetosphere around a body of aggregated mass is of polarised gravitational attractions of that body of mass. Where no force is generally radiating, even the establishment of the magnetosphere around a body of mass is only possible if a medium exists in space. Thus, the mediation of the force gravity is by the existing particles of the surrounding medium which create a strong gravitational field surrounding a body of mass that becomes weaker with the inverse square of the distance due to physical mediation of the force, and therefore, gravitational attractions of mass do not and cannot propagate through all of space of the Universe. It is the quantum gravity that encompasses all of space of the Universe together with especially the photon and the electron. Therefore, the whole of space of the Universe is a medium and of course, generally a gravitational field since all these particles exert the force gravity since they have emerged through the very force. Within that field, the massive bodies create intense gravitational fields  around them (in fact, such intense gravitational fields are due to the magnetosphere of a body of mass that is immediately around them  and strongly attracts the surrounding medium as we have already explained) with their attractions and since that attractive force is mediated by the particles that exist in space making the space a medium, the intensity of the force of a gravitational field of a body of mass falls off as the distance from the body becomes greater.  

Continued:

                                                                                                                                    top

‘Action at a Distance’ is true physics. (In Tribute to Isaac Newton)

This great discovery of how gravitational attractions of mass or heavenly bodies such as stars and planets propagate through space by creating a field with attracted  particles of the surrounding medium in space, confirms the correctness of the great physicist Isaac Newton’s physics which required the amazing phenomenon ‘action at a distance’ to take place. The gravitational field surrounding a body of mass forms from the inception of the body as it aggregate and mediates the force by physical contact of the particles of the field (the physical medium pervading the space of the Universe) and we already know that mass do not radiate the force gravity or any electric force (since mass emerge through electric forces) and whatever the force in mass is, that force is basically gravity for that matter. However, where that force is mediated by a physical medium existing in space, it is nothing but a physical link between the source of the force and any object in that gravitational field in the surrounding space. Thus, as for an example, the affect of the Sun’s gravitational attractions on the planets orbiting the Sun in its gravitational field is similar to the Sun having strings attached to the planets because, the gravitational field is a physical link to the planets holding them in their orbits. Therefore, if the so called strings break or in other words, suppose the Sun vanishes instantly, instantaneous action at a distance is also obvious just as when the string attached to a kite in flight is broken the kite is instantaneously carried away by the wind. If we assume that the Sun could vanish instantly by some means and if that happens, the gravitational field surrounding the Sun instantly loses the source of the force the field is attracted to and that means the Sun’s gravitational field being the physical link on the planets that we could compare to strings attached to the planets are broken without the existence of the Sun and therefore, the planets are free from the Sun’s gravitational bondages from the instant the sun vanishes and the planets will go astray and be lost in space. The outward thrust of the kinetic force in orbiting will carry the planets into the interstellar space in a straight line. Since gravitational attractions are not radiations and therefore not waves, gravitational attractions of massive bodies are mediated by the physical medium existing in space and therefore, Einstein was wrong in suggesting that if the Sun vanishes instantly, it takes about eight minutes – the time it takes Sunlight to reach the earth at the speed of light (the speed of any wave propagation in the vacuum) for the earth to be affected. If the Sun vanishes instantly, the physical link between the Sun and the planets is broken just as the string attached to a kite is broken and therefore, action at a distance is instantaneous and the planets will start going their own way from that very moment. Therefore, let us establish the following law on this amazing phenomenon.

‘Where there is a physical medium in space and a force is mediated by that medium, instantaneous action at a distance due to that physical link must be possible in respect of physical reactions.’

Thus, not only the idea of gravitational waves, Einstein’s general relativity proved to be correct with the existence of the non-existent gravitational waves is also wrong. This thesis also disproves the other aspects (the perihelion shift of planet Mercury’s orbit and the bending of starlight by massive objects) sighted for supporting the theory of general relativity.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                      top

The Fate of Our Solar System

 (This theory has some vital information on what we have discussed above.)

Now, with these facts known we can correctly predict the ultimate fate of our solar system or of any other solar system for that matter. A star’s age and the fate depend on its size. Massive stars compared to our Sun are short lived and they explode in the end. Our Sun, which we consider as a one solar mass star in our comparison on the assessment of others, would live for 10 billion years and having being around already for half of that time, it will live for another five billion years leaving enough time for the evolutionary process to make us intelligent enough to live peacefully and trade fairly and of course, to become truly civilised. However, the fate of our world or of the mankind is not within the scope of this thesis and therefore, we shall get back to discuss the fate of our solar system as a whole. So, being a little star, our Sun will eventually fade away nearing the end of its life span. Such aspects are not discussed here in detail since they are well known. As the Sun burns its fuel and that means burning its mass in the next few billion years, its gravitational attractions also diminish and as a result the planetary obits will widen due to the distance between the Sun and the planets increase. Closer to the end of its life span the Sun will gradually burn rapidly and become a red giant and by then life will be extinct on planet earth. Planets orbiting closest to the Sun would probably burn out. As the Sun begins to fade away to become a white dwarf, the remaining planets in the solar system will recede further and further into the interstellar space and one by one, beginning with the furthest away from the diminishing Sun, the planets will detach from the solar system and go their own way in a straight line in the interstellar space. Their own fate could be anybody’s guess since their journey through the interstellar space could be destructive.

Since we have discussed the theory of quantum gravity in the beginning, it is paramount to point out in here that, the quantum gravity – neutrino shatters the Big Bang theory. If the early Universe exploded before the emergence of the neutrinos to hold the Universe together, then there wouldn’t be a Universe today and it is not even necessary for us to discuss the incorrectness of the inflation theory to prove that point. The neutrinos fill the space of the Universe just as the photons. Not only the neutrino, but the photon and other particles in space also play a vital role in the propagation of the gravitational attractions of mass as a medium of mediation, as explained above. Together, they answer for the missing mass. (Please see the theory on dark matter, the missing mass.) Thus, the so-called dark matter has always been the most luminous, yet we didn’t see them due to our ignorance. Now the theory of everything and the force mass equivalence will make them glitter even brighter.   

The emergence of the Universe means the emergence of mass by some means in the infinite vacuum. Apart from the mere outward travel of mass that acquire Space, motions of mass such as spinning and orbiting are vital for the formation and the evolution of coherent bodies of matter and therefore, for the evolution of the Universe. None of the motions of mass could be intrinsic phenomenal characteristics of mass (which can be defined as extraordinary or magical aspects) as unfortunately believed due to our ignorance on the facts behind such physical phenomena. All kinds of motion of mass must have factors inducing such motions or actions and therefore, the involvement of two aspects as defined by the first law of motion must take place. There is no reason for us to accept the spontaneous motion of mass in space since, space is primarily absolute and thus, nothing can move by itself.  If the space is absolute without a physical medium being present, no reactions can take place other than the reactions of mere collisions and of explosions and needless to say that such reactions wouldn’t have any control since physically unbounded where the space is absolute and thus, such free motions that has no physical links are useless for a Universe to emerge as a whole. In fact, if the space remains absolute, the mass in space cannot even be called a Universe but just scattered mass in space that has no relation among them and they would just go their way forever in a straight line of travel (planets cannot orbit stars without there being a medium in space as we have just learned) and soon be lost in the infinite absolute space without having any links to anything else in space. Thus, a physical medium must exist in the space of the Universe even to hold the Universe together. A fascinating fact on the space of the Universe being a finite conditioned vacuum is that, stars and planets cannot emerge in absolute space if a general physical condition that could cause an affect does not exist in space for physical reactions to emerge because, matter wouldn’t even spin in the absolute space in the first place to initiate any other physical phenomena. The idea of the spontaneous propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in space proved to be incorrect; a misconception when we discussed the absolute vacuum.

Thus, the evolution of the Universe is governed by the three laws of motion with the emergence of matter. In fact, even the emergence of matter is governed by the three laws of motion and that will be quite evident when we discuss the origin of the Universe. Even otherwise, as already known, except the emergence of the fundamental particles, the emergence of all other matter is not instantaneous but eventual; and therefore, the three laws of motion governing the emergence of matter is quite evident even before discussing the origin of the Universe. Nevertheless, the three laws will still reveal certain undeniable facts on the origin of the Universe.  

With such a vital importance, the second law of motion quite clearly implies that, mass must originate from a force to inherit the characteristics of that force, and necessarily from a force that could initiate action in reaction not only by attraction but also by repulsion because, the fact remains that, ‘only a force could counter or attract a force’.  

Thus, matter, whether they are of mass or massless, must be of a force to inherit its characteristics in order to interact with each other, which produces a reaction. In here, that reaction is the motion of matter. (Please note that massless particles – quanta – are necessarily force carriers.)

One may wonder why it couldn’t be two different forces instead of a single force with two different characteristics or features that could stay distinctly apart in order to cause action. The reason for that is, firstly there are no uniquely different forces in the Universe rather than concentrated forces that have emerged through an underlying force and therefore they are basically same; and secondly, the factors which cause action must work in tandem and therefore, rather than it is feasible for two different forces to work in tandem, it is feasible for two different aspect of the same force to work in tandem and from what we have so far discussed, magnetism not only calls for the forces to be in tandem but also proves that electricity is nothing but a feature of gravity (the ability to increase the strength of the basic force) that has flourished in the concentration of the force. We shall find more evidence on that when we discuss certain aspects of elementary particle physics.

Whatever condition that we find or may find within the Universe belongs to the Universe and has nothing to do with the space of the Universe since the space is mere nothingness. In fact, we could logically say that there is no space within the Universe. If that is amazing to know or shocking, that is only due to our misconceptions. However, saying ‘there is no space within the Universe’ is a general statement since, like air bubbles in water, there are finite spheres of true space within the Universe that we call black holes and they are rightfully redefined in this thesis as ‘finite and acute absolute vacuums’. Let us first justify the fact that there is no space within the Universe rather than the Universe is in space.

The best way to understand the Universe and the space it occupies is to consider the Universe as a drop of water in the sky. Just as a drop of water in the sky is a sphere of mass, the Universe is a sphere of mass in the infinite absolute space. The mass of the Universe do not mean only the stars and planets. We already know that the quantum gravity and the photon and also the electron fill the space occupied by the Universe within its perimeter and there are other particles too that may be in space. The just mentioned immensely abundant particles that encompass all of space occupied by the Universe conditions the absolute space into a medium and therefore can be considered as mass due to their physical existence despite some particles being massless quanta. Thus, just as our water drop is a sphere of mass in the sky, the Universe is a sphere of mass in the space. There is no space within the drop of water, and, as the Universe is a sphere of mass, there is no space within the Universe. Nevertheless, if there are any air bubbles in the drop of water, we could say that there is space within the drop of water. Similarly, finite vacuums or in other wards, finite spheres of absolute space that we call black holes exist in the Universe. These finite spheres of absolute space are four dimensional. The forth dimension is ‘speed-time’ since the finite vacuums are created within mass and thus, speed of motion makes time a factor in becoming the forth dimension of the finite and acute absolute vacuums. The so called space-time is a meaningless combination.

Although we could logically say that there is no space in the Universe, the fact remains that the Universe is in space, and where the density of mass is not prominent or in other words, where massless quanta are widespread in the Universe, the space it occupies is obvious and we refer to the space within the perimeter of the Universe as the space of the Universe. Nevertheless, the space of the Universe is nothing other than a part of the eternal infinite space. Where the space is infinite and absolute, the space the Universe occupies has no link with the Universe it houses. A Universe may come and go but the space being eternal absolute nothingness, exists independent of any such phenomena just as time exists independent of any phenomena that may take place in that eternal nothingness or in the Universe for that matter.    

Our idea of time start flowing with the emergence of the Universe is wrong because the Universe emerged in the eternal space where time is also an eternal factor. Time is not a clock as implied by the theory of special relativity. What we call time is the duration and the duration could very well be of anything not happening just as the duration of anything happening. Therefore, time flows irrespective of anything happening or not happening in the eternal space or in the Universe. (Please refer to the theory of ‘Time’.)  However, our concern is the Universe and the Universe is not eternal but emerged in the past and of course, evolving. Therefore, although time did not start flowing with the emergence of the Universe but flowing eternally, time is a factor due to the speed of motion, in the Universe that emerged and evolves. Thus, where the space didn’t emerge alone with the Universe, time is only relative to the speed of motion in the Universe, and therefore, we could only combine speed and time together and not space and time as we have done.  The space being infinite, eternal and absolute, the space is not time relative. We cannot link or combine anything with nothingness and especially the nothingness that is infinite. The reason for us to define the space of the Universe being finite and conditioned is because the Universe has turned the space within to be a medium and it is this conditioned state of the space that matters to the Universe and therefore, to physics. If the space remains absolute without a medium being present, there won’t be a Universe. The laws on motion in space imply that a Universe cannot emerge if the space remains absolute and we have analysed these facts to be correct.  Matter must be in a medium to spin in reaction in order to give rise to any other physical phenomena, and the third law of motion in space requires the space to be a medium for the propagation of waves etc. Without these fundamental requirements being present in space no Universe could form. Thus, the so-called tiny bubble appearing from nowhere when there was no space as we are told and creating the Universe by exploding with a big bang as some say, or with not so loud a bang as some others say, and the suggested inflation blowing up the infant Universe instantaneously to the size of our solar system is not physics but some other stuff.

Since the Universe is in infinite space, the perimeter of the Universe is the perimeter of the space occupied by the Universe; and the medium within is not a condition of space but a condition in space that encompasses the entire space within the perimeter of the Universe as the Universe expands. Therefore, when we refer to the space of the Universe being finite, we are only referring to an area of infinite space relevant to the Universe at any given time. Since that area or the bounded sphere expands merely by means of the expansion of the Universe, the dimensions of the sphere are of the Universe and not of the space because the sphere of mass in the infinite space is the Universe. Thus, the Universe is of four dimensions and ‘Time’ combined with the ‘Speed’ of motion (‘speed-time’ instead of the nonsensical ‘space-time’) is the fourth dimension of the expanding Universe as speed of motion  is a time dependent factor and time is a motion dependant factor. Thus, speed of motion and time are two aspects that are truly inseparable in the Universe. Please refer to the theory of ‘Time’ for a detailed analysis and clarification of this fact.

‘Speed-time’s manifestation is physically evident with the existence of the expanding and evolving Universe. Therefore, Length, breadth, height and speed-time are the four dimensions of the Universe. Any other dimensions that have been suggested are not of the Universe or of physics, but of our ignorance.

As for dimensions of space, there are no such things called dimensions of space where the space is infinite. Nevertheless, ‘space’ for us means the space of the Universe. Although the space of the Universe is part of the infinite space, what concerns us is the finite sphere of space occupied by the Universe. Since the space of the Universe is finite by whatever means at any given time and its periphery is expanding by means of the expanding Universe, we could generally refer to the space of the Universe being four dimensional although such dimensions are strictly of the Universe. Apart from that,       “the expanding Space”, “open Space”, “closed Space” and “curvature of Space” are mere reflections of our ignorance just as the case is with energy and space-time.

A conditioned state of the space necessarily refers to a finite area of the infinite space where a Universe is evolving and therefore, it is within a Universe that a physical condition could exist in space as defined by the third law governing motion in space. Thus, where the mass of the Universe is finite and infinity has no limits, the infinite vacuum outside the Universe always remains absolute, a true vacuum into which the Universe is expanding.

When nobody else ever knew of there being an outside to the Universe, how could we determine the state of and the facts on ‘absolute space’ even to draw laws of physics governing such facts? Well, we have some great evidence on such facts within the Universe. Let’s find them in our probe into the ‘finite and acute absolute vacuums’ so far known as ‘black holes’. Let us now discuss the so far unknown amazing physics that makes them."

"The Universe emerged in the eternal and infinite Space and the perimeter of the Universe is marked by the cosmic microwave background radiation that resulted from the primordial fireball. The Universe was much smaller in the beginning. We shall understand why that was when we discuss the origin of the Universe. The Universe is expanding in the absolute space due to the nature of matter. If the Universe emerged around 15 billion years ago, now the Space acquired by the Universe should be a huge sphere of 30 billion light years across since the rate of expansion is about the speed of light. Nevertheless, that huge sphere only registers a tiny spec in the infinite Space. Before we take on to analysing the three distinct states of the Space, let us have a brief look at another aspect of the Big Bang theory.

If the space bubble was infinitely hot as said, according to known laws of physics there should be at least one electron to generate that heat and at least one photon to carry that heat must be present since the bubble was said to be smaller than an atom. However, that means matter was already present within the bubble even before its explosion which we call the Big Bang that supposed to have created matter. Therefore, despite the explained ultra miniature size of the bubble, if the bubble was infinitely hot or just tepid, that suggests the presence of matter within the bubble, as heat is primarily generated by motion of mass and thus, since mass was already present the emergence of the Universe must be cyclic – that means the Universe reemerging after the collapse of a previous Universe.  If so, the Universe did not emerge from a tiny bubble, or as a tiny bubble to begin with, but as a huge fireball that resulted in the inward collapse of the previous Universe and all that happened somewhere in the eternal and limitless space, and time was also flowing eternally as time is a non-physical aspect which flows independent of whether there is anything or nothing in the eternal infinite space. Unlike we ever had any idea, time is of two facets and the other face of time is associated with motion, in becoming a factor. We shall discuss time in a new theory to understand time for the first time.  Thus, the origin of the Universe neither created the ‘Space’, nor initiated the flow of ‘Time’ which is eternal as a non-physical free flowing aspect. That means the combination or the linking of ‘Space-time’ is also wrong since the space is not a cocoon that was created. The so called space-time could only be meaningful if the space was created with the Universe within it but such a hypothesis is nothing but a disgrace to human intelligence let alone considering being physics".

"Therefore, when the fate of the Universe is so far unknown, any suggestion of the origin of the Universe is needless to say, nonsensical. The Big Bang theory with its inexplicable and therefore unbelievable magical aspects on the origin of the Universe is a very clear example proving that fact. The Big Bang theory hangs only on our willingness to believe the physical and metaphysical phenomena it suggests. However, belief is not an aspect or the basis of physics and any metaphysics is of the occult and has no place in physics.  Thus, at present we do not know the true origin of the Universe. Therefore, looking for the TOE to find the origin suggested by the mystical or metaphysical to be the least Big Bang theory is a waste of time.  Nevertheless, in the theories we have so far discussed in this thesis we have found great facts that suggest not only the theory of everything but also the origin of the Universe. However, we shouldn’t rush to predict the origin of the Universe because without knowing the ultimate fate of the Universe, we wouldn’t know how the fundamental element, the force gravity, ever existed in the infinite absolute vacuum to give birth to our Universe. We cannot begin with saying ‘Once upon a time there was some gravity in the infinite space….’ to explain the origin of the Universe. Needless to say that, it would be quite similar to how the Big Bang theory suggests the origin of the Universe saying somewhat like ‘In the beginning there was nothing – not even empty space; and then, an infinitely hot and dense tiny bubble appeared from nowhere’. Therefore, we must first understand everything with the theory of everything and find what would be the fate of the Universe in order to suggest the origin of the Universe that has some sense even if it wasn’t true".

The following paragraph is from 'The Trilogy of the Universe'

"Interestingly, particles such as the electron, photon and the neutrino that must be abundant to fill the space of the Universe, travel at the speed of light and therefore, where the Universe expands at a speed slower than the speed of light, if such particles could travel by themselves into the absolute space, the Universe would have lost all the particles that travel at the speed of light in no time. Fortunately that did not happen and cannot happen. The secret behind that is particles belongs to the field of particles and stay in the field with their gravitational attraction to the field and therefore travel within the field that makes a physical medium for them to travel in reaction and that is also the great secret behind the whirling of the Universe. If particles could travel into absolute space, the photon with its electric and magnetic repulsions will certainly vanish from the Universe or rather; there won’t be any photons to form the Universe in the first place. If one likes to think that, if the Universe expands at the speed of light, the Universe will not lose the particles that also travel at the speed of light and could argue that being simply the expansion of the Universe. That sounds correct but only for the argument’s sake because such an idea only concerns the speed of travel of the particles and the whole Universe to be merely particles for that to happen. However, the Universe was merely particles only in the very beginning and once some of that particles turns to matter that aggregate into mass, such mass or massive bodies do not travel at the speed of light and therefore, if the Universe is expanding directly, particles that travel at the speed of light will leave behind the slow coaches and venture into the infinite vacuum only to get lost and we cannot talk about a Universe any longer because there isn’t one. Thus, such an idea is due to ignorance. That proves the Universe cannot emerge in an explosion and that means the big bang theory is an absurd hypothesis beyond any doubt. It is unfortunate that these facts were so far unknown but for that matter, who in the world knew true astrophysics is the question. Now it is quite clear that, the Universe must be whirling and expanding as a consequence of whirling. We have already discussed that, if the Universe expands directly into the infinite absolute vacuum by any means and that means with the repulsive force of a blast of its emergence or else with the ability of the particles to travel into the absolute vacuum by their own (which we have to assume to be possible), a Universe will not evolve in the first place and therefore, it is nothing but scattered mass (particles) in space which will certainly be lost in space since the space is infinite and absolute. That means the big bang theory based on the Universe emerging from an explosion is nonsensical. (The idea of the creation of space is disgracefully idiotic to begin with.) The Universe only expands with the outward thrust of its whirling motion and yet, whirling keeps everything within as a whole and therefore, particles can travel at the speed of light while massive bodies stroll around in the whirling Universe. That is brilliant basic physics, not mere theorem. Thus, the whirling of the Universe must be one of the most amazing discoveries of our time. It is one of the two key features of the Universe that has been discovered and revealed in the grand thesis and the other is the concentration of force through which everything emerges and evolves." 

Continued - in the Grand Thesis of the Universe.

The Sum Up of the falsity of the big bang theory

The Universe cannot emerge in an explosion in the eternal, absolute infinite vacuum  as there is no force to hold the outward driven mass as a whole in the absolute infinite space  to evolve as a Universe if the Universe emerged in an explosion. It is a challenge for any physicist to  explain the physics behind the phenomenon of the Universe emerging in an explosion. (Please do not try to disgrace human intelligence if not one's own PhD, with an expanding space bubble theory in that respect.) Any takers?

                                                                                          top

The Grand Thesis of the Universe

The Prelude

     In our desperation to understand the physics of the Universe, many a hypotheses and misconceptions have emerged over the last few centuries. Some hypotheses are due to our misconceptions. However, what we call misconceptions in here is what we have misconceived in the wake of our lack of right understanding of the facts or due to our ignorance of the facts. While there is no necessity for us to pay much attention to most of the hypotheses as they clearly suggests their authors’ ignorance on the subject, they are not discarded since the Universe had been rendered as extraordinary by some physicists and therefore, no hypothesis could be treated as absurd or the laughing stock of the world unless of course, they are obviously so.   In fact, that situation is in the best interest of everybody concerned and of course, important for the advancement of this science where we go forward with trial and error. However, the fact remains that, being the processes of nature, physics is the last thing to be extraordinary and therefore, the Universe cannot be extraordinary no matter who said otherwise. Thus, we shall not waste our time on such absurdity and therefore, we shall not analyse any hypotheses that we have not accepted. Nevertheless, we must get rid of the misconceptions in us because; otherwise we are or we will be going on the wrong tracks by trying to understand the physics of the Universe with such misconceptions.

When we are looking for a ‘Theory of everything’ to understand the physics of the Universe in terms of the existence of Mass and Forces and their interrelations, nobody can be successful in suggesting the correct theory of everything without first correcting our present misconceptions in Cosmology, Astrophysics and Elementary Particle Physics in order to understand certain basic aspects of the Universe which is of paramount importance. In that respect, one would be quite surprised to learn that our understanding on the Origin of the Universe, Space, Time, The Fundamental Forces and Energy and on certain physical phenomena such as the Propagation of gravitational attractions of mass in space, Black holes, Magnetism and the Spin of particles to mention a vital few are all wrong. On top of all that, we are yet to understand what the quantum gravity is and certain vital aspects of elementary particle physics. 

This situation is hardly surprising since we think that there are four fundamental forces when in fact, there are only three of them. One of the biggest surprises in the 21^st century published in this thesis is that, there is no ‘weak nuclear force’. That is a big chunk of modern astrophysics developed over a long period, dumped in the waste bin. If anybody feels that is dreadful, they are in for a massive shock when this thesis shatters the basis of the present day astrophysics completely by dumping the energy-mass equivalence also in the waste bin to end over one hundred years of blind devotion to the world’s most famous false equation E=mc². If energy equals mass, we must know what the quantum of the so called energy is because, that energy must be a fundamental element of the Universe for mass to emerge through it and obviously there is no such thing called ‘quantum energy’ in the Universe and that is because, instead of being a fundamental element of the Universe, any energy is a product of a substance and thus, no energy can equal mass. Now it is time to dump such pseudo physics in the waste bin.  If anybody now feels that is truly dreadful, please note that, clearing our path does not end there. We shall also dump the so called proven relativities in the bin but without any high jinks in order to keep the situation calm. However, with or without high jinks, why dump anything that has been proven; one may wonder? But, did the magician instantly create the pigeon that he pulled out from the inside of his jacket? However, unlike in magic, there is more to our trance in physics. It will be amazing to learn that the theories of relativity have been built on certain aspects that are not there. That mean the two theories are based on false imagination. There is nothing called inertial mass or else, time dilation; just as there is nothing called space curvature. But that was modern physics we were appreciating especially for the beauty of their mathematics. That also questions the role of mathematics in physics. Yet, this thesis holds the answer even to that.

Of the three principal experimental tests that supposed to have proven the correctness of the general relativity, the perihelion shift of the planet Mercury’s orbit linking to the so called space curvatures is an absurd hypothesis that may seem correct since the space of the Universe is a physical medium due to the abundance of particles in space that responds to the existence of massive bodies in space so that the medium is denser around massive bodies corresponding to their gravitational attractions. The so called space curvature depict similar phenomena due to our ignorance on the space being filled with a physical medium that mediates the fundamental force exerted by everything and therefore responds according to the gravitational attractions of bodies of mass that are in space.  Next, the bending of starlight by massive objects is again a consequence of there being a medium in space that responds prominently to the gravitational attractions of massive bodies and photon the wave maker being a major constituent of that medium is attracted and slowed down by the density of the medium and of course forced to follow the contours of the dense medium, rather than the photons in their travel in space negotiating the so called curved space-time. Lastly, there are no gravitational waves despite the recent findings of gravitational waves, which is obviously a misinterpretation. Without knowing what the quantum gravity is and therefore, not knowing what the force really is, and above all, without understanding what ‘radiation of a force’ means and without understanding how gravitational attractions of mass propagate in space; if anyone found gravitational waves it is of course an amazing feat. Nevertheless, we are not impressed with the ignorance being dynamic and therefore, the above aspects (the experimental evidence) have been further discussed in this thesis in order to well and truly discard the misleading and deceptive theory of general relativity that has so far survived perhaps due to the elegance of maths as often mentioned despite the absurdity of the theory – meaning – the void being a property (yet, what that property is unexplained) that obeys laws of physics. In short, the two theories of relativity had been established with misrepresentation of facts in the associated phenomena. In that respect it is quite clear that, rendering the Universe as extraordinary has been beneficial to establish such theories because, one would refrain from asking unanswerable questions; thinking that, if the Universe is extraordinary, anything is possible. This unfortunate situation was due to not knowing much of the laws of physics until now. Laws of physics are the undeniable facts of physics. Thus, the laws of physics must be understood in order to understand the Universe. If not, there is no doubt the Universe would be extraordinary to the uninformed mind. Isn’t that why nonsensical ideas like time dilation, relativistic mass, going backward in time, wormholes, infinite density and zero volume of mass, and space curvatures etc to mention a few, litter astrophysics? 

Let us now begin the most dazzling space odyssey ever, where we shall discover what the true quantum gravity is, why magnetism is dipole, what is an electric charge, and redefine space and time and the so called black holes and understand why matter also behaves as waves and much more, in understanding the Universe like the back of one’s own hand with the theory of everything and theories of everything related.

By 2008, as this thesis was taking shape, we have upheld the energy-mass equivalence for 103 years. During that long time span, nobody has ever clarified the origin of the mythical energy that believed to be turning into mass; and the interrelationship of the fundamental physical forces of nature with mass since the forces govern mass. We don’t cook for our neighbours or drive them around just because they are there. Likewise, (assuming energy=mass) why should the fundamental forces govern mass just because energy produces them? Can energy (assuming energy=mass) produce mass without the help of the fundamental forces in the first place since this drama unfolds in the absolute vacuum? We are yet to understand if there is any relationship between the force gravity and the other known fundamental physical forces of nature. Not knowing all that means the first chapter is missing in the basic physics of the cosmos. Even after 103 years of the energy-mass equivalence, we still do not understand what the energy that turns into mass is since it is nothing physical that exists in quantum state (any fundamental element of the Universe must exist in quantum physical state as the forces of nature do) and remains mythical to this day. Nevertheless, astrophysics survived to this day simply because it was the force-mass equivalence that we referred to as the energy-mass equivalence since believing the electromagnetic force carrier photon also as the quantum energy. With that, without knowing the facts or realising what we are doing, we were taking the forces into account for the so called energy. Thus we came this far, but not without even a hitch. In fact, we came over a rocky road since our fundamentals were wrong and we were twisting facts according to what we misconceived or did not understand at all. For instance, we did not understand the electric charge at all and as a result of that ignorance, we have twisted facts in creating the weak nuclear force and the colour force. We did not understand gravity, space or time at all and went on to stretch and bend the space and also stretch the time, quite interestingly, skilfully using the never understood mysterious gravity to do so. That is how clever we are; but isn’t it clever at deceiving ourselves?

We are so clever so that we have some fabulous physics. Creating relativistic mass is better than black magic performed in our particle accelerators because, whether it is relativistic mass or not, the phenomenon is real. But, if an electron positron pair colliding at the speed of light could produce a massive Z particle or an even more massive Tau, which is perhaps comparable to two house flies turning over to a cow, it is of course black magic if the facts behind the phenomenon is not explained. (Please pardon me if I have exaggerated that comparison a wee bit. But, exaggeration is the beautiful art of relating stories or explaining something never to forget. Pity if it is not so in physics.)  If  we say accelerated mass could multiply simply due to speed, no matter that speed is the speed of light, that is not  physics and not even  magic but a heap of rubbish as the foremost law of physics implies the fact that, nothing could ever emerge from nothing. We shall discuss the facts behind the so called relativistic mass in due course as it is too early for us to discuss such physics since we must discuss certain facts beforehand. When we understand what is there at ‘c’ (speed of light) we will be ashamed of the magical relativistic mass. However, we have to rectify a lot of errors in our physics by understanding facts rather than taking things for granted as they appear to be. It is where the need for a ‘Theory of everything’ arose.

Interestingly, the necessity of the theory of everything is also to understand the physics to build a Grand Unified Theory for the unification of the electromagnetic force and weak nuclear force together with the strong force – in other words, unification of the electroweak force and the strong force. (Please note that, this thesis rejects the existence of a weak nuclear force and the matter is explained in the theory of everything.) But most interestingly, the true TOE could only disappoint us in that respect because, it is in our total ignorance on the emergence of the electric forces that we seek to find their unification at some point. The electric forces are nothing but concentrated forms of the force gravity. The origin of the electric forces which we shall discuss later in the theory of the electric charge and in the TOE implies the fact that there is no such thing called their unification but dissolution into the basic force behind their extravagant phenomena, the one and only truly fundamental force gravity. Thus, if anything, we can find the ‘Super Unification’ of the forces if we like to call the conversion of electric forces back into gravity as ‘unification’. However, we shall discuss such aspects in the TOE and take on the GUT tide to analyse the physics we have been practising, in order to understand our present status and it is important for us to analyse with an unbiased mind.

We have only misunderstood the facts in identifying the so called weak nuclear force. But unfortunately for most physicists, it is a proven theory. However, if we analyse how the theory is proven, this is an instance where we find our ignorance being dynamic. A theory is the story that we put forward of a physical process of a phenomenon that explains how and why the process takes place as it does. With the help of particle accelerators in the modern world, we can understand the process of certain physical phenomena and yet, where we lack the understanding of basic celestial physics, we are sure to put forward an improbable story of a phenomenon extrapolated in mathematics with perfect predictions of certain aspects and that doesn’t mean our improbable story that we call the theory on the phenomenon is correct. That is exactly the case with the electroweak theory that supposed to have unified the weak nuclear force with the electromagnetic force and we have taken the theory for granted due to its perfect predictions of certain aspects in radioactive decay such as the emergence of the W and Z particles and their precise mass and so on. The shocking news about this Nobel Prize winning theory is that there is no weak nuclear force to begin with. (That fact is proven in this thesis.) That is how bad it is; nevertheless, as if that is not enough, we are chasing after a Higgs boson needed by the electroweak theory, by spending 10 billion dollars and the massive price tag clearly suggests the magnitude of our ignorance in astrophysics since the so called Higgs boson is obviously an absurd hypothesis where the force-mass equivalence and how mass emerge in force concentration is not understood.

We must understand how mass emerge and what radioactive decay is, in order to realise our mistake in identifying a weak force being responsible for the radioactive decay. In short, radioactive decay is a spontaneous electrical phenomenon that takes place within particles of mass since all particles of mass have emerged from the electric forces and thus have the properties of electric charge even if they are neutral. (A particle could be electrically neutral not due to having both charges that results in cancelling each others affect as we used to believe in our ignorance of the electric charge but due to not having the properties of charge developed to a point in the emergence of the particle. Clarification of such facts and why mass have a charge and what is an electric charge, are all explained in this thesis for the first time in the history of physics.) Since the so called weak force carriers W⁺, W^-, and Z⁰ particles are of mass unlike any other force carriers that are massless, the weak force is considered to be an intermediate force that could violate the observed parity of the gauge bosons – the force carriers. However, weather fundamental or intermediate, a physical force of nature must be of massless quanta. There cannot be any violation of that rule because it is the force that turns into mass.  Mass emerge through the forces of nature and not through energy as we were made to understand (explained in due course) and therefore, mass are the secondary form of a force and therefore, particles of mass are not force carriers. Why that is because, when a force turns into mass, only a residue of the force will be left in mass and therefore, to exert a reasonable force, mass may carry an electric charge that has emerged in the concentration and compression of the force when turning into mass. If particles of mass are also force carriers, there is no need for a particle to carry an ‘electric charge’. That is simple physics, not mere logic. Thus, the charged Ws and the neutral Z particles are not force carriers despite whatever properties they may posses to be similar to other massless gauge bosons.

Where does the so called weak nuclear force exist prior to the emergence of the W and Z particles is a good question to ask? There cannot be a force of nature without the force carriers. Thus, the emergence of the W and Z particles is not the emergence of the so called weak nuclear force because it wasn’t the weak nuclear force that gave rise to the W and Z particles but the spontaneous radioactive decay of mass and certain particle interactions such as the electron positron interactions that give rise to the Z. If it is an intermediate force as we say, why cannot we understand its origin in detail just as we would understand how a butterfly emerge from a caterpillar? If we understood its origin, predicting its unification with the other two electric forces – the so called grand unification, wouldn’t have been a problem. (Is grand unification possible, is another matter and we shall find out.) Does the weak force live in perfect symbiosis with the strong force and also with the electromagnetic force only to break that union at some point to come out and establish its identity? If so, it will be amazing physics to understand how a weaker force could stay united with a stronger force without being overpowered by the stronger force. However, there are no extraordinary elements in physics to give us such surprises and we shall soon understand that, the so called weak gauge bosons – the W and Z particles in plain language are not force carriers and that means there is no weak nuclear force mediated by them. They are merely particles of mass that emerge in radioactive decay with the shed mass. They are massive because they are resonance particles that must decay instantly giving rise to some other particles and therefore their mass density is very law (which makes them massive) in order to facilitate their quick decay. The composition of the W particle with three strange quarks is also to make them virtual particles. We invented a colour force due to our ignorance in that respect.  The W is a charged particle while the Z is neutral. Where the W and Z particles are not force carriers, there is no parity violation in their emergence being particles of mass. There are no violations of the natural physical processes of the Universe; otherwise, it would make a great jumble instead of an orderly Universe. Do we know how exactly the parity is violated and why the violation necessary? The answer is ‘no’ because the ‘parity violation’ is only a convenient answer to a matter of our misconception just as the so called ‘borrowing energy’ in particle interactions.  The so called weak force is a great misconception in astrophysics and we will take up the matter further to understand why.

However, the emergence of the W and Z particles through the decay of particles that have emerged from the strong nuclear force as well as through the decay of particles that have emerged from the electromagnetic force is a great confirmation on the force concentration – strictly speaking, concentration of force gravity behind the emergence of the electric forces and of the emergence of mass. Further, we also have evidence from particle interactions where fermions as well as bosons may emerge which confirms that the two electric forces are nothing but different configurations of concentrated force gravity – the foremost fundamental force. *

Since the two electric forces are not basically different to one another and as they are of a common origin and most importantly, they being concentrated forces, there is no such thing called their unification because, unification implies the requirement that the forces retain their basic characteristics while in union with another force, which is not possible since the electric forces having a common origin, would merge to be  a single force; as they being concentrated forces, one force will acquire the concentration rate of the basic force of the other. If that happens, the force that changes its concentration rate to be par with the other force ceases to exist. Thus, when merged there can be only one force. But, what exactly is the unification we mean? The rainbow is a true union of colours. In seeking the so called grand unification of forces, do we seek a unified force displaying different character or strengths on the basis of the rainbow holding different colours? If so just as mentioned above, such a union among the forces is not possible since they have emerged in the concentration of a basic force and therefore, one would lose its rate of concentration to a force of higher concentration and that is merging into one rather than unification where, arguably the unified forces are supposed to retain their basic character just as the colours of the rainbow being identifiable.  If what we mean by unification is merging of the forces into one – the so called super force, we don’t have to worry about it since gravity is that super force from which the electric forces emerge as concentrated forms and their dissolution back into gravity and re emergence and changing from one concentrated force to another are all very simple phenomena we can witness in particle interactions even under our manipulations in particle accelerators. Thus, the grand unification of forces is an illusory problem that we have created in our ignorance of what the electric forces are and how they have emerged. We shall take on certain particle interactions to understand these facts as we go. 

Interestingly, even if the W and Z particles are force carriers, why would a force have three different carriers instead of one? (The strong force carried by eight gluons is a different matter since they are of the same properties except being different in strength and therefore, with different amount of force and the matter is explained in this thesis.) Thus, the three different particles of the weak force must be carrying different properties of the force. If so, the three force carriers must unify in assembling the force together at some point. Unfortunately, we haven’t observed that happening. If the three force carriers take the force in fragments and go their own way, surely that is also ‘parity violation’ as there is no conservation of force or at least unification of force within the weak force.  Interestingly, we have even invented an electroweak force by unifying the electromagnetic force with a force that is not there. Please refer to the ‘Theory of everything’ published in this thesis for a comprehensive explanation on the falsity of the so called ‘weak force’. Thus, this thesis will hereafter refer to there being only three fundamental forces and not four as so far known.

The strong force is also not very well understood and in fact, terribly misconceived. That is why we have made the strong force quite colourful. (Please refer to the theory of everything for the clarification of all these aspects.) Unfortunately, not only the colours (the so called colour charge) we have attributed to the strong force are imaginary, but the facts we are hanging onto are also imaginary. That means we have decided on the basics of these forces out of the necessity to get rid of a problem we have faced, instead of finding the true basics.

The drawback in that respect without any doubt is ‘The Fundamental Error’ in astrophysics. That is the ‘Energy-Mass equivalence’ where, there is nothing called ‘energy’ in physics other than heat. However, as with all energies, heat is a product of a process and that means heat emerges as a reaction and therefore, heat is not a fundamental element that exists. When all energies are products of various processes of substances, energy is not anything fundamental or a primary element that exists but a secondary aspect that emerges in the Universe only to be expended and therefore, any sort of energy cannot be conserved. Nevertheless, ‘conservation of energy’ is amazingly a fundamental law in our physics. Conservation of energy got to be the biggest joke in physics because it is quite like saying that, one can eat the cake and have the cake at the same time. However, falsities aren’t everlasting; no matter we have made them laws in our ignorance, falsity collapses in time. Physics is the foremost science in explaining the nature and therefore, physics must be of facts and cannot be of fiction. Interestingly, even if the so called energy equals mass, where do the fundamental forces fit-in? The answer is ‘nowhere’. That is exactly why we have to fit-in the forces arbitrarily in elementary particle physics. It is in that process that we have made the strong force quite colourful. The so called colour charge only suggests that we know nothing about the electric charge. In fact, so far we know nothing about the electric charge and that is the only truth behind the so called colour charge. How can we define something (Charge) that we did not understand? Thus, the colours that we have painted the strong force with will fade away in the theory of everything published in this thesis to reveal a natural force rather than one of our inventions. The culprit behind all our misdeeds in astrophysics as mentioned earlier is the false energy-mass equivalence which drives us astray.  Therefore, where the so called ‘energy’ is nowhere in the Universe to be seen in physical form but imaginary, we must establish the following two laws in physics to begin with getting into the right path.

‘The fundamental principle or  the scientific law concerning the emergence, existence and the evolution of the Universe established herein requires all phenomena in the Universe to be physical and therefore, everything happening in the Universe to be physical. Thus, everything including the fundamental element or elements of the Universe must be of physical form.

‘Whatever that is not a fundamental element of the Universe cannot give rise to anything physical rather than be a part of a process in various physical phenomena because only the fundamental element is conservable’.

As implied by the first law above, any fundamental element of the Universe must exist in quantum physical state as the physical forces of nature – the obvious fundamental elements, do.

However, nothing else other than the three fundamental forces exists in quantum physical state. Therefore, we can discard this more than a century old great misconception, the ‘energy-mass equivalence’ with a very simple question. That is – “what is the particle or the quantum of energy?” When there is nothing called energy as a fundamental element, the ‘photon’ is not the quantum of energy as we have accepted so far. Even otherwise, the photon is the quantum of the electromagnetic force and when we understand the facts on the electric forces in this thesis for the first time in the history of physics, we will discard the misconception on the photon. Interestingly, while hanging onto the so-called energy-mass equivalence and the photon being the packet of energy, mass is hypothesised to be created by the Higgs boson that we are desperately looking to find. Is Higgs boson the quantum energy? It cannot be because; it is of mass and mass is the secondary state of the Universe. Why should whatever that turns into mass first turn into Higgs boson rather than turning into whatever other matter straight away? If there is the quantum energy, do we need a Higgs boson and an obviously absurd intricate mechanism to create mass?  The celestial physics is quite simple. Nevertheless, the ignorant have depicted the Universe as extraordinary and going by that in our ignorance we have created a great jumble to deal with. Looking for the so-called Higgs boson implies the fact that our knowledge on the basic physics of the Universe is quite wrong. It is hardly surprising when the energy-mass equivalence is completely wrong and therefore, misleading us. Thus, there are gaps in our knowledge of the Universe and what we do not understand cannot be attributed to or defined as “hidden symmetries” and “such hidden symmetries breaking spontaneously” and so on. The physics of the Universe is much simpler than we have so far understood, and proving that fact is among the most important aspects in this thesis.

Quite clearly, there is no quantum of energy; and thus, in our ignorance we refer to some mysterious pure energy arriving from the vacuum. If the vacuum is a source of energy, the whole world should be jubilant. Unfortunately, whether the so-called energy of the vacuum is pure or not, ‘nothing could ever emerge from nothing’ and we must understand that as the foremost law in physics to begin with because, so much has gone wrong due to this particular bit of pseudo physics that implies an inexplicable “nowhere” (not even the vacuum) as the source of the equally inexplicable energy of the so called big bang.  Therefore, ‘heat’, the only energy in physics being a product of a process cannot and does not equal mass. What is understood as energy in every other respect in physics is a force of some kind – fundamental or mechanical. When the situation is such, in our ignorance we have made the Space a stretching fabric, magnetic monopoles, miniature black holes, wormholes, varieties of electrical charges and some awesome singularities and so on, to make astrophysics and cosmology a great jumble. Therefore, one could hardly come up with the true ‘Theory of Everything’ while being entangled in a jumble of imaginary physics supported by imaginary mathematics. Thus, it is unfortunate that, some physicists have attempted to twist the facts to form theories or to fit into their theories in their enthusiasm or desperation to put forward theories and especially, to put forward the so-called ‘much needed ‘Theory of Everything’.

The foremost question in here is, if the physics we have learnt and practicing is correct, why do we need a theory of everything to understand the Universe? The need for a ‘Theory of Everything’ to understand the way with the Universe itself suggests that, modern cosmology and astrophysics have gone astray. At least, if most of the theories we already have on the vital aspects are correct, there won’t be a need for a theory of everything. In fact, the right understanding of certain basic aspects of the Universe will certainly push us towards the theory of everything. Without the knowledge of such basics, any ideas of the ‘Theory of Everything’ would be nothing but nonsensical and that fact is quite evident with matter suggested to be like strings, loops, tubes, rods etc that behaves exactly the way we like them to be in our theories. What we must understand first of all in our search for the theory of everything is that we must not try to twist or invent facts to suit our theories but must find the facts that exist. Unfortunately, how could one find the facts is the concern when certain accepted theories on some vital aspects are terribly wrong despite claims of observational evidence supporting them, which shows how severe our misconceptions are, and they have pushed cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics into the wrong track and have made them a great jumble. Our idea of ‘Time’ is a good example on that.

Time, apart from the ‘Space’ is the next least understood aspect in cosmology. Time is not the chronometer, the timepiece or the clock that we have invented to measure the duration of a day or of an event, as suggested by the special relativity. According to special relativity, time runs slow in intense gravitational fields. For instance, observers in a less intense gravitational field find that, clocks in a more intense gravitational field runs slow relative to their own clocks. If that is what ‘time dilation’ means, that implies time deriving through a clock and if the clock runs slow, time is stretched – dilated, and if the clock runs fast, time is running out for everybody? What if the clock doesn’t run at all? Kaput, is it? Fortunately, time derives through a clock only in special relativity and not in reality. Time is a non-physical free flowing aspect independent of any physical phenomena. Thus, time dilation is false physics supported by misinterpretation of facts. If any physical phenomena implies time dilation, that is only due to our ignorance in physics. There is no such thing called time dilation. Time not being a physical element, cannot dilate. Time is absolute since time flows independent of any physical phenomena of the Universe. We may have agreed upon the duration of a second as the basic unit of time based on a certain physical phenomenon of the microwave function, but the second is only our unit measure of time, time which flows independent of the very physical phenomenon that we have chosen for the accuracy of our unit measure or any other physical phenomena. Therefore, if either the clock or the very physical phenomenon on which our time scale and the clock is based on are affected by gravity or any other physical phenomenon, that doesn’t mean time is affected because, ‘time’, the duration that flows, flows independent of any physical phenomena and that means time flows whether there is anything or nothing physical. We shall further clarify this amazing yet greatly misunderstood aspect of the Universe. Our idea of, time starting to flow with the emergence of the Universe is due to accepting the pseudo physics implied by the Big Bang theory.  (Please refer to the theory of ‘Time’.)

Thus, if we are looking for a ‘Theory of Everything’ to go on the same wrong track that we are in, we will never succeed in finding that theory. On the other hand, we have already reached the end of that track since, no matter how far falsity or falsehood persists, it is bound to collapse, and the need for the ‘Theory of Everything’ is quite obviously due to the collapse of the falsehood in the science of understanding the cosmos. Therefore, first we must understand why our path is wrong in order to have an open mind to explore.

Among our biggest drawbacks, we do not correctly understand the physical forces of nature. We have no idea of the force gravity and we think a weak nuclear force is responsible for the radioactive decay of mass when there is no such force and radioactive decay is a spontaneous electrical phenomenon. Interestingly, we have gone too far with the so called weak force to unify it with the electromagnetic force and now seek the theory for their unification with the strong nuclear force calling it would be the grand unified theory. Even if we assume the weak force to exist, since the so-called GUT is not required to seek unification also with Gravity, could we really call such a theory ‘grand’? Maybe we are trying to go step by step towards the ‘Superunification’ of all four identified forces into a ‘Unified Superforce’ and to find the grand ‘Supersymmetry’ of an inexplicable nothingness that is even without the existence of the empty space believed to have existed prior to the emergence of the Universe. The problem in here for that is our lack of knowledge in the force gravity. The so called best theory on gravity the general relativity does not explain what gravity is but only explains what gravity could do. Neither the theory, nor the minor phenomena we have observed and accepted as evidence on the correctness of general relativity explain what gravity is and how gravity propagates in space. On the other hand, not all such phenomena (observed evidence) are true evidence on some suggested facts either. For instance, time dilation as already mentioned is a great delusion where the facts are misunderstood and misinterpreted due to total lack of understanding of what ‘time’ is. Likewise, the basic concept in general relativity implying intense gravity bending the ‘Space-time’ is a baseless hypothesis that only suggests how grave our ignorance in astrophysics and cosmology is. Black holes are not evidence on Space-time wrapping around intense gravity.

Space and time are not physical properties to be similar to a stretching fabric. We shall discuss these two vital cosmological aspects in minute details and establish the facts to salvage cosmology and astrophysics. Further, Black holes are not gravitational wells at all in the first place because, the suggested infinite density and zero volume of mass is in fact not physics let alone calling them false physics (explained later), and the Space being nothingness cannot be dynamic either. All these misunderstood and misinterpreted aspects are correctly defined and explained in this thesis in relevant theories in revolutionising cosmology and astrophysics even before the introduction of the ‘Theory of Everything’ because, when so much is wrong at present, we need certain amount of wisdom in physics to understand the ‘Theory of Everything’.  

As for our basic concerns over the physics of the Universe, without any doubt it will be quite surprising for all physicists to understand that there are no four fundamental forces for us to unify, but just one that has two different characteristics or features, of which, one – the electric charge that emerges in the force concentration and thus, the electric force – made to be two distinct entities (forces) in certain respects but not basically different to one another and not totally separated from the basic feature – the attraction of the fundamental force. Nevertheless, the fundamental force in its basic form alone is also in existence and its quanta which, this thesis will unveil in due course in solving perhaps the greatest puzzle in astrophysics – the ‘Quantum Gravity’.

The ideas of the ultimate Superunification of the forces and a Grand Supersymmetry have begotten only due to the acceptance of a wrong theory on the Origin of the Universe. That is the ‘Big Bang’ theory, which suggests even the non existence of the ‘Space’ prior to the emergence of the Universe and a tiny Space bubble which was said to be tinier than an atom and infinitely hot and dense, appearing magically from nowhere when there was no Space, to explode in creating the Space and the Universe (mass) within. Thus, we believe in a ‘Grand Supersymmetry’ of an inexplicable and therefore inconceivable nothingness before that explosion and a ‘Superforce’ separating into four different forces with that explosion and we want to understand the physics of that very beginning.

Unfortunately, the Big Bang singularity is based entirely on metaphysics and none of its fundamental aspects can ever be proven. If anything, the infinitely hot and dense tiny bubble Big Bang singularity only suggests how severe our ignorance in astrophysics is.  The fact that the Universe is expanding is not the proof of the Big Bang singularity but the proof of the Universe had been compact in the beginning than at present, and the laws of physics introduced in this thesis will eliminate the present delusions called singularities for compactness in physics and the Universe emerging with the creation of its own ‘Expanding Space’.  The consequences of accepting and trying to prove, and going alone the metaphysical fundamentals of the Big Bang hypothesis with more and more baseless, merely imaginary hypotheses to fit into the jigsaw puzzle of the Universe which remains ever incomplete; have made cosmology and astrophysics a great jumble. The false ‘energy-mass equivalence’ is the core of that jumble. If energy equals mass, why do we need a theory of everything? What equals mass should tell us everything. The so-called energy-mass equivalence does not explain the basic physics of the Universe. Thus, it is wrong and therefore, the physics we practise is fundamentally flawed. That is where we need a Theory of Everything to find our path leading to understand the physics of the Universe and its very beginning. Yet, there was no such beginning as suggested by the Big Bang theory or as some would like to imagine. Then, are we looking for a theory of everything in vain? Certainly not; it is of course of paramount importance to understand the true basic physics of the Universe spelled out in a theory of everything. The key to the theory of everything is not guessing what geometrical shape the matter is but finding out what really turns to matter and that would help us understand some of the basic physics that we have no knowledge of. But the present state of cosmology and astrophysics is such a jumble; we have to clear our path first. We have misconceived some of the fundamental aspects of the Universe and we are yet to understand certain vital aspects in astrophysics. Thus, without the right understanding of such things, and that means without understanding the basic physics of the Universe, nobody can predict the theory of everything; and if one does, needless to say that, it will be nothing but nonsensical as the case is already evident.

Since, the beginning of the Universe suggested by the Big Bang theory is wrong, when we understand that, our task in understanding the Universe cannot be too difficult. But, for that we must understand certain basic physics of the Universe in the first place. Interestingly, one need not understand any physics at all to reject the Big Bang theory because it is quite obvious even to a lay person that the Universe did not emerged as suggested by the Big Bang theory since its basis is nothing but metaphysical and therefore, mythical. We shall discuss that in due course.  Therefore, our knowledge on certain basic physics of the Universe will reveal the fact that, there was no such thing called the “Grand Supersymmetry of Nothingness”, and the Space is not a creation that expands like a cocoon into an inexplicable nothingness. It is in our ignorance that we have been compelled to believe in all that. Physics must be able to explain all physical phenomena without giving any nonsensical, philosophical or mystical explanations as done to support the Big Bang theory. Quite simply, the Big Bang theory was formulated at a time our understanding of the basic physics of the Universe was highly inadequate to predict the origin of the Universe. What’s more; our knowledge on the basic physics of the Universe to date is inadequate for that task. This thesis which eliminates some of our great misconceptions on certain basic physical phenomena and explains certain others for the first time in history is the testimony on that fact. Thus, when the facts leading to understand the origin of the Universe were unknown up until now, there is no doubt that the Big Bang theory formulated a few decades ago is nothing but imaginary and thus,  nonsensical and one doesn’t even have to consider the theory to reject it since it sounds absurd to begin with. Nevertheless, our competency in cosmology and astrophysics is such; we have more or less accepted the origin of the Universe to be as implied by the big bang theory. Therefore, we shall discuss the big bang theory because although it is a baseless hypothesis, it has made us misconceive the origin of the Universe and willingly or unwillingly based cosmology and astrophysics on its nonsensical fundamentals.  That pseudo base must be destroyed.   As for the ‘Superforce’, of course there is one and it is still in existence. Only its amazing phenomena have deceived us in our ignorance. That is where knowing some basics certainly count.

The ‘Theory of Everything’ published in this thesis will certainly revolutionise astrophysics and cosmology in this 21^st century and beyond because, so much is wrong in these sciences. When all energies must be able to be sacrificed to achieve an objective and that means ‘expendable’, it is unbelievable that, ‘conservation of energy’ is a fundamental law in physics. That means we have no idea of what energy is and what energy is for; or else, we have no idea of what physics is. It is that bad if one would think ‘energy’ that must expend to do the work can be conserved at the same time. In that respect, it must also be said that, heat is the only energy that does any work in physics and all other so called energies are forces of nature and mechanical. Thus, the theory of everything would show, perhaps to the utmost surprise of our learnt physicists, how wrong the physics we have been practicing was.   But we always learn through our mistakes and that is exactly how science could advance. Therefore, to be constructive, we must analyse without being bias or hesitant. We must first learn the alphabet in order to construct words and then sentences. That is the basis in learning. Nevertheless, we are into astrophysics without knowing its basics but simply because we know a bit of mathematics. Unfortunately, unlike the physics of engineering which is of course a manmade science developed with the help f mathematics, physics of nature is not anybody’s guess or bright idea wrapped up in mathematics. And now we are looking for the theory of everything to get out of the jumble we are in. Can we succeed in finding that answer when we do not understand the basic physics in the Universe?

How exactly does the atom form? We do not understand the physical phenomena in the atomic formation or in the existence. Why the electron is attracted to the atomic nucleus? Why the electron does not interact with the atomic nucleus and keep its distance from the nucleus and dance around.  What is the purpose of the asymptotic freedom of the quarks? Is it good enough to know the existence of some phenomenon that is there without knowing the principles in why it is happening and the physics of how it is happening? It is time for us to understand why the so called asymptotic freedom of quarks is for, rather than just being happy saying that the quarks are like a chained gang. When the discovery of this amazing phenomenon was honoured by the Nobel foundation with the prize for physics, one can understand how important it is to know how and why the phenomenon exists and that means understanding the physics behind it and the importance of the phenomenon.

Why there are no single quarks? Why there are no free gluons? Why matter spin? Is ‘spin’ a supernatural ability of matter for us to happily accept ‘spin’ as an intrinsic character of matter? If we are prepared to merely believe in certain aspects without understanding the facts and also welcome metaphysics into physics, we may need more than just the theory of everything to understand the nature of the Universe.

What is magnetism? How exactly does magnetism emerge? Saying, “Oscillating electric fields create magnetic fields perpendicular to…” and so on does not explain what magnetism really is or how exactly the force emerges. Why magnetism is dipole? Why there are no magnetic monopoles? Are the electric forces truly fundamental or have they emerged through an underlying force? If it is the latter, what is the underlying force and how did the electric forces emerge? What is an electric charge? Not knowing all that means what we don’t know is too much. Finding out the answers to such questions should be the starting point to understand the physics of the Universe. Nevertheless, we are totally ignorant on all these aspects. If we do not understand what is happening at present, we will be totally lost in trying to understand what was happening in the past some billions of years ago. Therefore, we have a great confusion over the most fundamental aspect in the Universe – the apparent existence of physical forces. Are they really three different fundamental forces or are they merely three different facets of a single underlying force that confuse us. Let us find out. And for that we must first learn the basics. With that knowledge, we can solve all the mysteries in the Universe without having to wait for centuries or even decades to prove the facts we find. We already have enough clues to direct us in the right path and there are ample evidences to support the facts that remain to be discovered. Thus, we don’t need to do any experiments or use mathematics either because; it is simple basic physics that we have failed to understand.

Mathematics is not needed to understand the basic physics of the Universe. In fact, without knowing the basic physics the mathematics we may use will only work alone our imaginations and thus, could be misleading and we are already facing the dire consequences of doing that. Mathematics is not physics. Mathematics is only a manmade tool used in manmade physics and that is engineering which entirely depends on the mathematical structure. However, when it comes to physics of the nature, we must first understand the phenomena with our intelligence and then use our tool – the mathematics   for going beyond the basics to explain, analyse or to arrive at a desired result; and for that, we must first understand the basic facts with our knowledge in physics. We cannot find basic facts on nature with mathematics. We can only analyse or explain with mathematics why a certain aspect is a fact once the fact is found. Where the basics are not known, any use of mathematics will be nothing but on our imaginations as mentioned above. If we use mathematics to find basic facts, what we are doing is creating facts alone our imaginations or understandings instead of discovering what is there and we have enough obvious examples in astrophysics on that very fact. What is the use of the mathematical beauty of an absurd theory? Mathematics maybe the language of physics in engineering since, as mentioned earlier, engineering is manmade physics with the help of mathematics. However, mathematics is not the language of natural physics. The wrong notion of generally referring to mathematics as the language of physics is because it is with an engineering degree (BSc) that one would become a physicist with further education.   Thus, when everybody else in the field of astrophysics is ready to go beyond with their brilliant skills in mathematics and feels that something is missing for them to go ahead; this thesis provides the missing link – ‘the basic physics of the Universe’, free from any human inputs.  We must first understand the physical phenomena of the nature with our intelligence in order to explain such phenomena mathematically and mathematics is not a language that explains any unknown physical phenomena to us. Thus, there were so many unsolved mysteries in the Universe for centuries while we had brilliant mathematicians breaking their brains to solve them. Some of them say the Universe is of eleven dimensions. Now that is lunacy due to upholding mathematics as the language of physics.

Our present level of understanding of the basic physics of the nature is so poor so that, we think the   fundamental forces ‘Radiate’. Radiate means to emit or spread outwards. When all three fundamental forces are forces of attraction and that means drawing together or drawing inwards towards the centre within the force carriers and within mass, how could an attractive force radiate beyond the surface of a particle or a body of mass? It is wrong to say that an attractive force radiates. They do not radiate but contract and for that matter there is no repulsive force. There cannot be a repulsive force and we shall discuss why that is in due course. Any repulsion associated with a force like that happens with the electric charge or magnetism is a reaction due to certain facts. To radiate, a force must emit its force carriers. When all three fundamental forces are in quanta, such force carriers themselves generally cannot emit force carriers to radiate their force because, the force is in quantum state and on the other hand, except the strong force, gravity and electromagnetic force are carried by quanta in abundance as to fill the space of the Universe and therefore, when force carriers are in abundance to fill the space, there is no necessity for the force carriers to radiate the force that is within them by emitting more force carriers even if such a thing is possible; instead, forces are mediated by force carriers. Thus, no force radiates beyond the surface of a force carrier or a particle of mass or else a body of mass – other than the strong force radiated by the quarks, which is a unique aspect that takes place only in the specific event of a quark being pulled apart from a combination of quarks. The radiation of the strong force to a limited extent by a quark is possible since quarks emerge through the strong force which is a highly concentrated force. The quark’s ability to radiate the strong force is great evidence on the force concentration behind the emergence of the electric forces and mass and charge. (Please refer to the theory of everything to understand the ‘force-mass equivalence’)

The massless gluons which carry the strong force do not themselves emit more gluons to radiate the force since they could mediate their force, but the quarks do emit a few gluons to prevent them from being pulled apart from a combination of quarks. Since the quarks have emerged from the gluons and that means from the strong force and since the force has turned into mass the quarks must totally or partially annihilate to exert the strong force by emitting a gluon or a few gluons. (The phenomenon of a quark emitting more than one gluon will be discussed later.) While it is the true radiation of a force, as already mentioned, it is not something that usually happens and that means it is a unique occurrence   and therefore, it is a different matter altogether than the radiation of a force we generally refer to. A force that radiates must always emit its force carriers to radiate the force. Since that is not the case with the strong force or any other force as force carriers only have a limited resource, we shall discuss the facts behind the unique radiation of the strong force that takes place within its means when we discuss this not very well understood force under the theory of everything.

Heat is the only true radiation that could take place anywhere where the photons – the carriers of various heat radiations are produced.   Then, the question is how gravitational attractions of mass travel in the interstellar space when a force is not radiated by mass? Where mass do not emit their force carrying particles, gravitational attractions of mass cannot radiate beyond the surface of mass unless a medium encompassing all of space exists to mediate the force that is within mass, let alone for other phenomena like the wave function – wave propagation. Nevertheless, in our ignorance of the laws of physics, we have rejected this requirement of a medium to exist in space. The idea of the photon’s ability to travel by itself in the vacuum is false physics where magnetism is not a fundamental force in existence in the photon together with the electric force for the photon to have the ability to travel spontaneously with the help of electric and magnetic properties. Magnetism is only a phenomenon that emerges in reaction but, contrary to our present understanding, nothing by itself could act in the absolute vacuum. (That vital fact is further explained in this thesis.) If the vacuum is absolute, the photon cannot even spin. Spin is not an intrinsic character of matter as accepted in astrophysics but a reaction and reaction is due to the interaction of two things. (Please refer to the theory on ‘Spin – the angular momentum’.) So, how could the photon by itself initiate a reaction if a medium is not present in the space? Therefore, two laws governing motion in space are established with this thesis. The medium in space shall be of quantum gravity, the photon and the electron that are so abundant as to fill the space of the Universe and other less abundant particles that are in space. Although a single photon cannot spin or travel in absolute space, the abundance of photons makes themselves a medium in space to spin and travel in reactions. We shall discuss these phenomena further because, wave propagation in space is accepted possible without understanding the physical phenomena that make it possible. Further, the theory on how the gravitational attractions of mass propagate in the interstellar space when mass do not radiate the force of gravity is explained in the discussion of the trilogy of Space.

Where gravitational attractions of mass do not radiate, there are no gravitational waves despite the claim of discovery of gravitational waves. There is no doubt it was a misinterpretation of the observed phenomena. Needless to say that it was nonsensical to discuss gravitational waves at a time when we did not understand what the force gravity was and even wondered what the quantum gravity could be.  This thesis explains how gravitational attractions of mass propagate in space without being waves. Radiation is generally associated with heat where the photon – the particle which makes waves in travelling with electric and magnetic repulsions are produced. However, unlike James Clark Maxwell thought in the 19^th century and commonly accepted ever since; electricity and magnetism are two different forces. While the electric force is a fundamental force that exists, magnetism is not. Magnetism is generated in a process and that means magnetism only emerges in reaction. The photon being an electric force carrier is not good enough to generate magnetism by itself. The existence of other phenomena is necessary for the process. These aspects which underlie the basic physics of the Universe, yet, remained so far unknown in physics are explained in this thesis.   Further, since free of any imaginary mathematics of the author, the facts discovered and published in this thesis prove themselves and one another due to their interconnectivity and is easy even for a layperson to understand.

As for the fundamental forces of course, there are three fundamental forces in nature when we understand that, what is fundamental is something essential and of course, the three physical forces are ‘primary features’ of the Universe that exist from the beginning. But as ‘primary factors’, they boil down to two features – gravity and electricity. Then again, we find the electric force is always based in gravity which is so evident in elementary particle physics, and does not exist alone; and that makes, there being just one truly fundamental force with a distinct hidden feature not much different to the basic force but seemingly behaves an entity when emerged. That feature is the electric charge. Thus, if any, we can identify two fundamental forces in nature. They are the ‘Force Gravity’ and the ‘Electric Force’ and we do not have to worry on unifying them, as they stay always combined and never be separated since, the facts we find imply that, rather than being two basically different forces working in tandem, they are different aspects of a single underlying force – the force Gravity – the much sought after ‘Superforce’. This thesis will establish that fact with the ‘Theory of Everything’ which, also explains that there is no such thing called ‘Grand Unification’. That is not because there is no weak nuclear force, but because, gravity and the electric forces are not unique forces that require certain mechanisms or conditions to unify with each other. The electric forces are concentrated forces of force gravity. Therefore, instead of the so called grand unification of the electric forces where one has already disappeared in this thesis, the theory of everything explains the ‘Superunification’ of the electric forces together with the force gravity that we were hesitant even to call for in the wake of gravity so far remaining a mystery in astrophysics. This mysterious fundamental force or the so far unidentified Superforce without any doubt to the surprise of all physicists, is also the source of mass and the electric forces and charge. On the other hand, just as the weak nuclear force, the ‘colour charge’ is also a great misconception. The elimination of such misconceptions and clarifying the strong nuclear force and certain physical phenomena that remain mysterious to this day and in explaining the physics of the Universe based on the force gravity equalling the  electric forces that in turn equalling mass and charge, the ‘TOE’ is in fact a series of theories woven together. Although the shedding of our misconceptions along the way makes our journey complicated, the simplicity and elegance of the ‘TOE’ (not to mention the other theories) would perhaps surprise those theoretical physicists who have been pushing their limits during the past decades to find the key to unlock the great mysteries in the Universe. Nevertheless, it is just as we are always surprised to realise soon after the Lotto draw – how simple and possible the winning combination of numbers has remained.    

Although looks distinct forces, the electric forces are concentrations of gravity that, behave as entities and we find the electric forces in two distinct configurations on their strength, but always and necessarily concentrations of gravity, just as mass is. After spending just over a century on the wrong track with a great illusion (energy=mass), our physicists may find those facts hard to believe. But ‘belief’ is not an element in physics anymore after this thesis. The facts in this thesis are proven with obvious evidence available at hand. Thus, the credibility of the theories is instantly obvious and indisputable. We shall go into analysing magnetism and elementary particle physics to find evidence on how and why the basis of these two distinct electric forces are the force gravity and why mass display both electric and gravitational forces. Despite the fact that the electric charge is a gravitational phenomenon that emerges and becomes prominent on the basis of the concentration of the force, we also find the quantum gravity and that means the basic form of the force without being concentrated, which implies that gravity being the basic or the underlying force which, we desperately sought to call the Superforce responsible for all physical phenomena.

However, not knowing what the quantum gravity is is a great drawback on our progress especially when we want to understand basic physics of the Universe. The emphasis on the quantum gravity is such, without doubt it can be considered as one of the two greatest discoveries of our time where the other is the theory of everything. One key factor leads to both these great discoveries and that is the force concentration that seems to be so obvious in particle interactions. It is where the electromagnetic force and the strong nuclear force prove themselves to be concentrated forces. If they are concentrated forces, what is the underlying force that has given rise to them? Nothing but the force gravity is the obvious pick with the facts we find and true to its foremost fundamental force status, it remains basic without any extravaganza and in its simple  pure (not concentrated) form and thus, in gravity we find the amazing key to unlock all the mysteries in the Universe.  But, where’s the quantum gravity that got to be everywhere? Of course, the quantum gravity is everywhere.  The only thing was, we have been foolish not to recognise it; and now, we cannot progress without knowing it. There is no doubt that the quantum gravity would give a dazzling (if not shocking) start to this thesis because so much we know is wrong. So, let’s find the facts.

Please welcome ‘Neutrino’ the quantum gravity.

                                                                                                                           top

‘Neutrino’ – The Quantum Gravity

(‘Why there are no primordial neutrinos’, ‘why the wave-particle duality of matter’, ‘why there are no gravitational waves’ and ‘It is not relativistic mass…’ are theories within.)

The amazing massless particle ‘Neutrino’, whose emergence in particle interactions, existence in abundance, and yet, elusive conduct we did not understand very well, is the quantum gravity that encompasses all of space of the Universe. However, as a force carrier, if its emergence in particle interactions in three varieties is confusing, we also have eight different strong force carriers (gluons) to deal with. When neutrino is the quantum gravity and gravity is the underling force of the Universe (established in this thesis) there ought to be primordial neutrinos of tiny force value compared to the electron, muon and the tau neutrinos that emerge in particle interactions, which could be massive since they emerge to take away the excess force that results in particle interactions, since gravity equals mass as established in this thesis. We will discuss such matters after qualifying the neutrinos to be the carriers of force gravity that so far deceived us by being in disguise. We have been talking especially about its amazing ability to go through the world or through whatever mass and therefore, even through our bodies without interacting as if we are transparent and we were going to sleep without wondering how the neutrino could do that when no other matter in the Universe could ever do that. What was unfortunate is, if we wondered on its unsurpassed qualities, we could have discovered quantum gravity a long time back but of course, only if we knew of the force-mass equivalence based on force concentration – strictly speaking, concentration of force gravity behind the emergence of electric forces and mass or else if we knew how magnetism or electric charge emerge, as such information carried the clues. Particle interactions were also another source of clues to the highly critical mind.

While force concentration is a simple aspect that we could have easily discovered in analysing particle interactions despite being blindfolded by the energy-mass equivalence because, force concentration is so obvious when certain particles could emit or absorb some particles including force carriers, understanding what magnetism is or the electric charge wasn’t possible since we believed motion of matter such as spin and travel in space being intrinsic abilities of matter when in fact they are action that emerge in reaction. When they being the primary motions of matter in the Universe, and when the Universe is in the vacuum, by taking them for granted for spontaneous action without a source, we have missed understanding the vital laws of physics governing some basic physics of the Universe. Thus, we could not understand what magnetism or the electric charge really is.   

However, since we know of the unique ability of the neutrino to go through our bodies or the earth or else through dense mass such as lead bricks, let’s analyse the neutrino to see what properties it should have in order to be capable of such a feat. Then we shall see how or why only the neutrinos have such properties. When we know all that, we have understood the neutrino perfectly.

Let us consider a neutrino going through a lead brick or in other words, a block of lead. There is no passage through the block of lead for the neutrino to pass or the block of lead is not transparent for any other particle in the Universe to pass through it. Then why the block of lead is simply transparent to the neutrino to pass through? Well, we know the block of lead is not really transparent but the phenomenon of the neutrino passing through it is due to the properties of the neutrino being different to that of other particles so that the neutrino could pass through the block of lead as if it is transparent. If so, let us identify the properties of the neutrino that make it unique among other particles.

First of all, what is quite obvious for the task is the neutrino must be a massless particle to pass through mass without interacting. We already knew the neutrino to be a massless particle although recent findings suggest that it has tiny mass. However, the tiny mass concept is false physics to begin with, since a particle cannot be of part mass and part massless like the moon and the lasso around the moon (if that is what they mean by saying tiny mass) no matter what the experiments suggest. The reason for that is it is not possible to happen since force concentration is the process of the emergence of mass which takes place under immense heat and in the process part of the force cannot remain in its basic form while rest of the force is concentrated to manifest as mass. We must go deep into such maters in due course. In here we must understand that certain facts could be deceptive due to our ignorance. Suggesting the neutrino having a little mass exposes our total ignorance on the emergence of mass in force concentration. It is not surprising since we never knew of the force-mass equivalence.

However, it is too early for us to discuss the process of the emergence of mass in here in detail but the matter with the neutrino needs clarification before we proceed further and therefore, to say in brief, mass emerge in the concentration of electric forces and the electric forces have emerged in the concentration of the fundamental force gravity. The neutrino is the carrier of the fundamental force gravity which is not a concentrated force. Mass emerge in further concentration of the concentrated forces that we call electric forces and since force concentration is the process of the emergence of mass, mass cannot emerge with basic gravity. Quantum gravity just as mentioned earlier, refers to the carriers of the basic force gravity and therefore, the neutrinos being quantum gravity cannot have mass. (In fact, quantum gravity cannot have a charge too because charge emerges in mass, which we shall discuss in due course since trying to deal with all the facts at the same time would make the subject complicated.)    We don’t have to further discuss force concentration in here to prove the neutrino is massless despite whatever the experiment that suggests otherwise; because, a particle of mass cannot go through dense mass since the particle should be able to penetrate even the atoms rather than going around atoms. A particle of mass would interact with the electron shell of the atom by trying to penetrate the atom and therefore a particle of mass cannot go through mass. Since the neutrino could go through mass, we can be one hundred percent sure the neutrino is massless and we don’t need to do any experiments to understand such simple physics. Let us therefore eliminate the neutrino’s “tiny mass” wrong notion.

We never knew of the force-mass equivalence or the neutrino being a force carrier, let alone being the quantum gravity. Thus, the neutrino being the quantum gravity, in our ignorance we think the tiny gravitational force value that shows up in our experiments to detect if the neutrino has any mass, is gravitational attraction of mass and we suspect that is due to the neutrino having a little amount of mass. It is misinterpretation of facts due to not knowing the force-mass equivalence and especially, gravity-electric forces-mass equivalence and not knowing force concentration being the factor in the emergence of mass. Since concentration of the force is required for mass to emerge, it is not possible for only a part of the force of a force carrier to turn into mass while the rest of the force wouldn’t turn into mass. In force concentration, the full force of a force carrier must turn into mass or mass and electric charge as charge is also a product of the force concentration which we shall discuss soon. Thus, it is not possible for the neutrino especially being a neutral particle to have force and mass at the same time for us to say that it has a little bit of mass although it is massless.

If it is possible for a particle to be of part mass and part force, it is not necessary for a particle of mass to carry an electric charge to exert a force and thus, there won’t be a thing called electric charge. We shall clarify that in the theory of the electric charge where we would analyse and define what the electric charge really is. If we look at the idea of the tiny mass in the angle of the false energy-mass physics and if the tiny mass is due to the little energy in the neutrino, it still cannot go through mass as a particle of mass no matter how tiny that mass is, and for that matter, nobody has positively recognised the neutrino as a particle of mass. That is where the term ‘tiny mass’ saves face. However, no matter how tiny, mass cannot go through mass since mass and mass would interact because; although a particle of mass maybe electrically neutral, just as mass, charge is also a product of force concentration and thus, even a neutral particle may carry properties of charge emerged in the concentration of the force leading to the emergence of mass. Unlike the basic force gravity, the concentrated forces that we call electric forces emerge with the force taking the wave form due to concentration and this wave nature of the electric forces is the feature that intensifies in further force concentration and contraction in the manifestation into mass and charge. Thus, although mass may emerge without a charge, the wave nature of a force or of mass is an interactive feature and that is why a massless particle like the photon cannot go through mass as the wave less neutrino does, let alone a particle of mass going through mass. We shall discuss the photon’s case further as there’s more to it. On the other hand, if neutrino oscillations require the neutrinos to have mass, that is only presumptive and the fact behind that is, particles that oscillate back and forth to be one another, must be slightly different to one another while being basically same. Thus, their difference can be in mass or force value and the neutrinos have a better reason to oscillate since existing in three types (with their antiparticles) obviously due to carrying the hallmarks of their origin in particle interactions, oscillation must be a primary requirement for the neutrinos. Therefore, we cannot say that the neutrino oscillations are due to the neutrinos having some mass.

Interestingly, being a massless particle is not good enough to go through mass because, massless particles other than the quantum gravity neutrino, carry properties that could interact with mass as mentioned earlier sighting the photon. Unlike the quantum gravity, they are of waves since emerged through force concentration.   Such massless particles are the carriers of the two electric forces. However, there are no free gluons the strong nuclear force carriers in the Universe to roam around and this thesis explains why that is. The photon, the other most abundant massless particle just as the neutrino, cannot go through mass because of carrying properties of electric charge although its net charge is zero and also because of carrying a magnetic moment, it would interact with mass. Therefore, if the neutrino can go through mass, not only it must be a massless particle but a particle that has no wave function (wave form is the primary state of the electric forces due to their emergence in the concentration of the force gravity. Wave form is also the primary form of the charge since charge is the ultimate intensification of force under concentration) and therefore, without properties of charge or a magnetic moment to interact with mass. (Please refer to the theories of the electric charge and magnetism to understand the wave function further and to know how magnetism emerges with the polarisation of waves due to spin of particles.) In fact, the neutrino is devoid of all such properties. It is where the neutrino becomes the quantum gravity because, unlike the photon or the gluon the other massless particles that has emerged in the concentration of force gravity and carry the properties that has emerged in the force concentration, the neutrino carries the basic force gravity that is devoid of any extravaganza and yet the source of everything else.

However, the reason for the existence of three types of neutrinos is that, they carry the signature of their emergence through particle interactions or nucleosyntheses which we generally call the hallmarks of their emergence and such hallmarks are negligible as implied by neutrino oscillations. One would be amazed to know the fact that every particle emerge with its own signature and the survival of some antiparticles proves the case for us. The antiparticles that emerge together with the particles are destined to annihilate by interacting with their corresponding particle but not interacting with any other. Thus, in the chaotic nucleosyntheses some may miss the chance of interacting with their corresponding particle and go on to exist in the Universe until they get another chance to interact with their corresponding particle if that is ever going to happen and that is the reason for the existence of the small number of antiparticle/antimatter in the Universe. (Please refer to the theory of the antiparticle/antimatter to understand the physics of this amazing phenomenon that pushed us in our ignorance to look even beyond the Universe to find the missing antimatter.)  

The neutrino’s source of emergence also implies that they are the carriers of force gravity since, basically speaking; force gravity equals mass and therefore, in particle interactions where a massless particle emerges whether it is a neutrino, a photon or a gluon, it is a fact that we have established in this thesis and that very fact is, 'Force equals mass'. Thus, in particle interactions they emerge for the purpose of carrying away the excess force that has been shed; and although the concentrated force of a particle of mass in interaction is dissolved back into force when mass decay in giving rise to a neutrino since the neutrino carries the basic force gravity, it obviously carries the hallmarks of its former identity due to its source of origin. (One may find hard to believe the fact that every particle has its own signature and if so, please refer to the theory of antiparticle/antimatter to understand that. In fact, there is much more to to it than I could explain in physics and that means in order to understand the existence of everything to begin with analyzing the aftermath of any substance in action or in their reactions, we must understand the existence of life and that means we must first solve the great 'Riddle of Life' - as, life is the cause of everything in existence. If that is unacceptable or shocking, please wait for the publication of my book 'The Outrage and the Idyll' which solves the 'Riddle of Life' in order to let the mankind understand what life really is and how exactly life emerged without being created as the foolish who wouldn't give-up begging  believe. However, that is due to not knowing the truth.) Nevertheless, the hallmarks are primarily of negligible properties since the neutrino carries the basic force gravity that has not concentrated so that, the neutrino lacks the wave form which polarises its force in creating a magnetic moment under the particle’s spin. Carrying the hallmarks of their origin and that means the hallmarks of their parent particle's such as electron and muon is generally a case for reasons explained in the theory of antiparticles and the very feature may be necessary in order to give rise to particular types of particles time after time in the aftermath and to involve in other interactions where their tiny differences in force values and identity clues could be vital to fit into make the required complexities time and time again. If not, we could hardly find a different reason for the existence of the electron, muon and tau neutrinos and their anti particles where they  emerge to carry away the excess force depending on the emerging particles in particle interactions. Thus, their emergence in three varieties in particle interactions is not the end of the matter but indeed part of the endless or the continuous process of particle interactions and the emergence of certain particles in the evolution of the Universe. And as mentioned earlier, there being a variety of neutrinos is a hard fact on the neutrino being the quantum gravity and the fact proves further when we discuss why there are no primordial neutrinos.

                                                                                                                                top

Why there are no primordial neutrinos.

However, if gravity is the underlying force or the fundamental element of the Universe and the neutrino is the quantum gravity, when mass is the secondary form of a force since mass emerge in force concentration, there should be primordial neutrinos other than the three types of neutrinos that emerge through the interactions of particles of mass. In other words, if force gravity is the underlying force of the Universe, when a force exists in quanta, the quantum gravity must exist prior to the emergence of matter – massless concentrated (electric) force carriers and particles of mass. That means there should be a type of neutrino other than the electron, muon, and the tau neutrino trio. If there is no forth type of neutrino that we could find to be the primordial, what could that mean? Neutrino is not the quantum gravity; is it? Certainly not. Instead, such a conclusion would be a terrible short sight depicting our ignorance.

Interestingly, if there are no primordial neutrinos in the Universe, that tells us a great deal indeed. The great deal the lack of primordial neutrino or the quantum gravity of the bygone day tells us start with revealing perhaps the most desired information of the Universe and that is of the origin of the Universe. Well, here is a great point for our amusement; and therefore, let us do the explaining later and know the facts boldly first to inspire awe.

So, ‘no primordial neutrinos in the Universe’ means the emergence of the Universe was cyclic. With that, the epic of the Universe reveals us the existence of the space is eternal and infinite. The space that is eternal and infinite is basically an absolute void although there could be a Universe or two in it. The Universe emerges in the infinite absolute vacuum and conditions the space it occupies. Where the existence of the infinite space is eternal, no matter there is anything in that void or not, time is also eternal and infinite. ‘No primordial neutrinos’ also proves that it is the quantum gravity and gravity is the underlying force of the Universe and the fundamental element through which, everything else emerge. That means everything including the electric forces emerge with the concentration of force gravity and thus, ‘force concentration’ is the basic physical process of the Universe.

Now, just as the emergence of the Universe is a circular event, its epic should connect to the beginning to make the re-immergence of the Universe possible. Nevertheless, it is up to us to find the facts to connect the end to the beginning in writing that epic especially because, where the space is not a cocoon that keeps on expanding together with the Universe as implied by the metaphysical big bang theory, there is no such thing called the critical density of the Universe and the Universe is not going to collapse upon itself as we have anticipated with a dense Universe in a space cocoon in mind. Thus, there is no such thing called ‘grand unification of forces’ and the so called grand Supersymmetry wouldn’t materialise ever again. In the wake of the lack of such celestial phenomena, predicting how the Universe would end and still make it possible to re-emerge is a true test of our brilliance as astrophysicists.

If we like to anticipate an ultimate beginning to the emergence of the Universe, that is logical and the primordial neutrinos of the first ever Universe partly vanished in giving rise to concentrated (electric) forces and the rest would have slowly vanished by being used-up in particle interactions as the Universe emerged and evolved and then collapsed and re-emerged time after time where time is infinite, and where the grand Supersymmetry of everything turning back into the underlying force is only theoretical, the re-emergence of the Universe wouldn’t be the same as it was in the first time for the neutrino to emerge as the pure quantum gravity and most importantly as the underlying force in existence prior to the emergence of anything else, other than emerging through the nucleosynthesis of the re-emergence of the Universe and through particle interactions and further nucleosyntheses in the evolution of the Universe. Therefore, those are the three types of neutrinos we are left with. However, a very small number of primordial neutrinos may possibly exist but tracking those few neutrinos where the neutrinos are highly elusive, would be next to impossible if not impossible.    

Until we discuss the true origin of the Universe, we can be happy that the neutrinos oscillate since being basically same so that, quantum gravity showing three faces makes no problem for us.

Force concentration, strictly speaking, concentration of force gravity under immense heat is the basic process of the emergence of the Universe since concentrated forces of force gravity and mass and the electric charge emerge in the very process. We observe two concentrated forces (not three) that have emerged in the initial force concentration of gravity. They are the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force. The evolution of the Universe is also based on this very process of force concentration where mass and the electric charge emerge in further concentration of the concentrated forces; and with particle interactions, ongoing dissolution and the concentration of force produce the building blocks of the Universe. In the particle interactions we can observe clear evidence on the neutrino being the quantum gravity and the force-mass equivalence when the neutrino helps add or shed particle mass as required for the particular interactions.

However, the primary difference between the neutrino being the quantum gravity and all other matter including the other two force carriers is the wave nature the neutrino lacks since it is carrying the basic force gravity whereas everything else have emerged in the concentration of the basic force gravity in which the emerging concentrated forces (through which mass and charge emerge in further concentration) develop a wave form as a primary consequence of force compression and contraction the factors behind concentration.

                                                                                                                                     top

The Wave Particle Duality of matter

The strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force are the concentrated forces that have emerged in the concentration of force gravity. (The so called weak nuclear force is a great misconception which we shall discuss later.) These forces emerge in the wave form due to the concentration increasing the density of the force and therefore, intensifying the strength of the force. Mass and the electric charge are products of the force that emerge in further concentration of the already concentrated forces. When the concentrated forces are of wave form, mass that emerge through them also inherit the wave function. That is the secret behind the wave-particle duality of matter; and in turn, the wave nature of matter confirms the force-mass equivalence because, the wave nature is a phenomenon that can only be of a force of nature. However, the waves cannot radiate further from the surface of the particle perhaps not more than a few fermis (one Fermi = 10^-15 meter) and a single particle or its wave cannot travel in absolute space and therefore, the abundance of particles is necessary to make waves and the abundance of particles establishes a medium in space in making waves by mediation. That is how radiation takes place in space.

If we compare the carriers of the concentrated forces to bubbles filled with some hyperactive worms due to the wave nature of the force, we can say the neutrino is like a bubble filled with some gas because the neutrino carries the basic force gravity that lacks any wave function. It is due to this very fact, and that means the basic force gravity carried by the neutrino does not function as waves and could be like a gas for our loose comparison to a force of wave form and therefore, the neutrino could go through mass quite easily without interacting just as water or air could easily seep through most things. In fact, since its force lacking the wave form, the neutrino could even go through atoms and that is why it could go through dense mass. Thus, it is quite clear that the neutrino is carrying the basic force gravity which is a very weak force without any extravagant features like that of the two electric force carriers – the photon and the gluon and that is because gravity is the fundamental force of nature through which the electric forces have emerged as concentrated forces that have taken the form of waves due to concentration and compression. Therefore, if the force carried by the neutrino is of waves, then the neutrino is simply not the quantum gravity because gravity is the basic force of nature that has not enhanced by any means, and wave form is a phenomenon that emerges as an enhancement of the force in the force concentration where the concentrated forces that we call electric forces emerge.

It is in the concentration that the force develops the amazing features such as the wave form and then, with further concentration of the force, mass and the electric charge emerge. The wave nature of compressed gravity that emerge in force concentration not only answers for the wave particle duality of matter where mass is a manifestation of a force under great concentration, but also explains two of the greatest phenomena in the Universe and they are the magnetism that we do not understand very well and the electric charge that we do not understand at all. We shall discuss these aspects soon after this theory because they reveal much of the basic physics of the Universe.

                                                                                                                                    top

 Why there are no Gravitational Waves

Although gravity is not of waves, we did not know what the quantum gravity was and on the other hand, since now we know that mass is a form of concentrated gravity where the concentrated forces (electric forces) are enhanced to be of wave form and since mass that emerge through such concentrated forces also inherit the wave phenomenon, it is of our concern to understand whether there are gravitational waves by any means since mass that has emerged through concentrated gravity (which is of waves as electric forces) exert gravitational attractions.

To find out whether gravitational attractions of mass are of waves and to understand whether there could be any kind of gravitational waves, we must analyse how gravitational attractions derives through mass.

Gravitational attractions of mass are not radiated by mass because true radiation of a force means the emission of force carriers and since force equals mass, radiation of force by mass would be destructive to mass. On the other hand, such radiation of force by mass could only happen under extreme heat and the Universe is not a fireball anymore for that to happen in everywhere. The display of gravitational attractions by mass (in fact by all matter) is a phenomenon always associated with mass since emerging through the very force that has concentrated. However, as a matter of fact, since the force has turned into mass, gravitational attractions of mass is only a residuum of the force and we need to know that to discuss the gravitational attractions because, attractions of a force do not mean the physical presence (the presence of force carriers) of the force at a point where the attractions are felt, but only the strength of the force (mediated by a medium) and we shall take on that soon.

True radiation of a force by mass is only found with quarks radiating the strong force (gluons) through which quarks have emerged and the phenomenon only takes place under certain circumstances and therefore, not the norm or not gravitational radiation by any means. This unique aspect of the quarks is discussed under the theory of everything.

The basic force gravity exists in the Universe only in one form and that is as quantum gravity neutrino and we already understand that the quantum gravity is not of waves. Gravity is the basic or the primary element of the Universe through which everything else has emerged in the process of concentration of the force. Now, a force of nature has some strength and having that strength is obviously why it is a force. We also find the strength of this basic force is attractive. Interestingly, the force could concentrate to increase its strength (or the power of the force) since the force is a physical entity and exists in quantum state. Thus, the concentrated forces emerge to be of much greater strengths than the basic force. The concentration of the basic force is also the process of the emergence of mass. However, although mass emerge with concentrated forces of gravity that we call electric forces that are enormously powerful, only a residuum of this great power of attraction is reflected or displayed by mass since the force has manifested as mass. Now, we can understand that the attractive strength or the power of a force of nature is the character of the force and therefore, the attractive power of the force cannot exist where the force does not physically exist. The force being a physical entity, cannot exist in more than one place unless the very entity is fragmented and spread around and in that case each fragment would only display a fraction of the strength the force originally had as a whole. That is exactly the case if mass or a massless force carrier would radiate the force and that is necessarily by means of emitting force carriers. On the other hand, with such a process (radiation) mass would doom to exist by converting into force; and not to mention that the massless force carriers that are already in quantum state cannot radiate but only mediate the force.

Thus, mediation of force is the norm in the Universe. We have discussed how gravitational attractions of mass propagate in space in a separate theory and therefore, let us finish the matter with our misconception of there being gravitational waves.

Although mass emerge with electric forces, the electric forces being concentrated forces of gravity, mass only display gravitational attractions and that is not by emitting force carriers (force radiation) but by mediation through a medium that exists in space. The existence of particles in abundance in space is that medium. The quantum gravity neutrino, the electromagnetic force carrier photon and the electron are the most abundant particles that fill the space of the Universe together with other less abundant particles as a physical medium. The gravitational attractions of massive bodies (aggregated mass) are mediated through the interstellar space by this medium which attracts to the massive bodies. Thus, gravitational attractions of aggregated mass are subject to the inverse square law due to their mediation by a physical medium.

Now we can wrap up this theory with the following facts. Gravity being the basic force and the primary element of the Universe through which everything else emerge is not a force of waves because, the emergence of waves is a phenomenon associated with the concentration of the force and therefore, the basic force that has not concentrated is not of waves. Thus, quantum gravity the neutrino the carrier of basic gravity is not of waves. On the other hand, although mass emerge through the concentrated forces of gravity (electric forces) gravitational attractions of mass are a residuum of the force that has turned into mass and in any case, mass do not radiate gravitational attractions by means of emission of force carriers but a medium in space that is attracted to mass is mediating the gravitational attractions of mass through the space. Therefore, where the carrier of the force gravity is not a particle of wave form; and where gravitational attractions of mass are not radiated by the emission of quantum gravity in any case but mediated through the surrounding medium in space and where mass do not generally radiate any force by means of the emission of force carriers, there are no gravitational waves.

Interestingly but unfortunately, we have rushed to conclude there being gravitational waves before understanding the above facts and especially, without understanding what gravity is and what the quantum gravity is.

                                                                                                                                 top

It is not Relativistic Mass but Neutrino Interactions at ‘c’ plus the force of Antiparticles/Antimatter contributing to emerging particle.

Part I (Part I is on neutrino interactions contributing mass to emerging particles. It’s too soon to discuss the role of antiparticles/antimatter in that respect. Please see Part II of the theory of 'not relativistic mass'.)

However, now that we have found the quantum gravity, which is obviously quite weakly interacting due to its basic form, let us go alone this very feature of the neutrino to remove some falsehood in astrophysics. That falsehood is what we call relativistic mass. Interestingly, the explanation given for the so called relativistic mass sounds like it is black magic instead of physics. For instance it is said that accelerated mass is increased with the kinetic energy added to the rest mass. First of all, since it is a force that equals mass, we will replace the formerly misused word ‘energy’ with ‘force’ in our discussion.

The Theory of Everything published in this thesis is based on the force-mass equivalence and the thesis proves the falsehood of the so called energy-mass equivalence which has eventually led to the need of a Theory of Everything.

The weight of mass is a force. This force derives through the quantity and the density of mass. Therefore, being a reflective force, the weight of mass is proportional to the quantity and density of mass and that revels a lot. Since mass originate from a force, the weight of mass that reflects the density of mass also reflects the density of the force that has turned into mass. Thus, since force-mass is conserved, the force that we call the weight of mass is also conserved since that force or the weight ultimately derives from the quantity and density of the force that equals mass. Thus, the weight of mass is also the weight of the force that has turned into mass. The force cannot acquire more weight in its manifestation as mass and therefore, weight of mass equals the physical weight of the force because a force of nature is a physically existing element. However, the character of a force (attractiveness or the pulling power) is a different aspect than the force that we call the physical weight of mass or of the force. Nevertheless, since a force of nature is a physical element as quanta, their merger or concentration should not only increase the weight of the resulting quantum but also increase its character, the attractiveness or the strength of the force. Thus, there are concentrated forces that we call electric forces that far exceed the strength of the underlying force gravity through which they have emerged. We shall discuss that next.

The weight of mass being a force is a vital revelation and of course a world exclusive revelation in this thesis just as the force-mass equivalence, quantum gravity and many other facts. However, the weight of mass is not the force gravity as mistakenly referred to in the theory of general relativity with its false geometrical reference to gravity. Weight of mass is a dead force and that means, the weight of mass as a force cannot radiate or cannot be mediated through the space. Mechanical forces like kinetic force and momentum etc emerge when mass carrying this dead force is subjected to motion. Thus, mechanical forces that emerge as a result of mass having this dead force that we call weight are also dead forces and therefore, the so called conservation of mechanical forces that we used to refer to as mechanical energies is not physics but some other stuff of the ignorant. There is nothing called ‘inertia’ in mass. The absurdity in inertia is so, so that nobody who talks about the inertia of mass knows what exactly they are talking about. Inertia suppose to be a property in mass, by which a body of mass remains still or continue to move unless a force is applied to change that motion. That is by gone day physics where we didn’t know the laws of motion in space especially because we didn’t understand the space in the first place and on the other hand, we didn’t know mass is of a force of nature. We thought, and still think the space (within the Universe) is absolute when it is not. We shall discuss such matters in due course. Interestingly, if the space is absolute, why do mass need a property to stay still when nothing other than a collision or an explosion could move mass in absolute space? However, mass has a weight and therefore if a body is stationary (which could happen to be only in absolute space) anything colliding to move that body must overpower its weight which we describe in other words as a force. If a body is in motion, it is obvious that a force must apply to change that motion. We can calculate the required strength of that force according to the mass + the kinetic force of the moving body. (Focusing on such statistics is not necessary on this discussion.)  If the space is conditioned, then mass cannot be at still because mass is of a force of attraction and therefore mass move in space in reaction to the condition prevailing in space since, the said condition is also of mass and therefore, of force (since force equals mass) – strictly speaking, it is the abundance of matter in space, otherwise referred to in this thesis as a medium encompassing the space of the Universe and that medium is mediating the gravitational attractions of aggregated mass (massive bodies) in the interstellar space. (Please refer to the particular theory to fully understand the phenomenon.)

That fact was not perceived at the time we looked for the inexplicable ether in space and failing to find such a medium in space, it was decided that electromagnetic radiation can propagate in space by itself without there being a special medium in space and thus, the space of the Universe remains absolute to this day in our physicists’ minds. This thesis reveals how ignorant such thinking is. The outcome of that is, ‘inertia’ of mass is only a property of our ignorant imagination and therefore, Newton’s laws of motion are not of true basics or universal laws (they may still work in some applications since the weight of mass and gravity are properties of mass which replaces the so called ‘inertia’) and that means Einstein’s special relativity based on Newton’s inertia which doesn’t explain what exactly the property is, is fundamentally flawed. Special relativity gives a terrible account of the Universe with imaginary reference frame physics that implies time deriving through a clock and thus the nonsensical time dilation. Is that physics or some other stuff? We shall understand that soon. The contraction of accelerated mass suggested by Einstein is also pseudo physics as contraction of mass under acceleration is only a delusion due to speed of motion.  The quantum gravity we have just discussed also suggests Einstein’s general relativity which refers to gravity without explaining what the force gravity is, being not simply but terribly wrong. The theory of general relativity often praised for its mathematical beauty now remains the testimony on the gravity of our ignorance in cosmology and astrophysics. Bending the void cannot be a task of the intelligent anyway. (Please refer to the ‘Trilogy of Space’ in this thesis to understand ‘Space’.)  The truth on force gravity that we have understood in this thesis also exposes the true significance of mathematics in theoretical physics. Now it is quite clear thanks to the general relativity that we could work clever mathematics on any falsehood or absurdity as well.

We shall further discuss these false aspects as and when the necessity arises to prove their incorrectness. Thus, the so called relativistic mass extrapolated with sheer ignorance in basic physics at an epoch we did not know much in astrophysics and cosmology has naturally turned out to be like black magic. If a mechanical force like kinetic force could turn into mass; that is of course much more phenomenal than black magic because, even black magic is of physics. Nevertheless, physics cannot be like black magic. We should understand the process of any physical phenomena. Thus, all we want to know is how a mechanical force such as the kinetic force which is only a condition or a state that emerge under the circumstances of the motion of mass and therefore, not being a physical property that is conserved, would turn into mass to increase the rest mass of a body in motion? Why a runner wouldn’t get fatter with the so called kinetic energy in the process of running or after he or she stopped running? If the kinetic energy is conserved why is this discrepancy at low to relatively high speeds of motion? Why the kinetic energy add extra mass to the rest mass of a particle only if the particle is moving at ‘c’? What is the secret of the speed of light – ‘c’?  We must know what that is instead of believing in something phenomenal taking place at ‘c’ to convert the so called kinetic energy into mass especially when the kinetic force is not a substance.

Our idea of the conservation of mechanical forces such as kinetic force, momentum and angular momentum etc is wrong physics as already mentioned. These aspects may be conserved only to a certain extent under certain conditions and that means they are not always conserved or truly conservable properties. We failed in the first place to understand what these aspects really are and thought they are energies when we did not understand what we call energy really is. Energy is always a product of a process of a substance and therefore a material aspect and as a product of a process; any energy is not a fundamental aspect of the Universe and therefore, cannot be conserved. Without being a fundamental element of the Universe, the so called energy does not exist in quantum physical form in the Universe as the fundamental forces of nature do and nothing that is a fundamental element of the Universe cannot give rise to mass because nothing fundamental in the Universe is conserved. Any energy being a product of a substance, the law of conservation of energy only shows our poor understanding of physics.

Interestingly, the mechanical forces are not even material aspects to call them as energies. However, just as the so called energy being a product of a process of a substance, the mechanical forces are products of the motion of mass and therefore without being fundamental forces, they cannot be truly conserved because they simply do not exist without the physical process (motions) necessary for them to emerge in reaction. Being mechanical forces relating to the motions of mass these forces may be conserved briefly under certain conditions and that means when the motions that help generate such forces stops or change abruptly, but cannot be conserved permanently. Thus, the kinetic force of mass that only emerges with the motion of mass will only enhance the performance of mass in motion and subject to be reduced as the speed of motion of the mass reduces by some means and will vanish when the motion of the mass stops by some means. That means the kinetic force that emerges as a mechanical force is not a conservable property. Obviously, a mechanical force cannot be conserved since it is a product of a process and most importantly since it is only a condition and not a physical property that could be added onto mass. It is a very simple fact that only needs common sense to understand. Thus, one would be quite surprised of the physics we have been practicing. In fact, it is a shame on anybody calling themselves physicists.

Let us now see why it is necessary for us to collide, lighter particles at the speed of light in order to produce massive particles through them. We have just understood that any mechanical force is not truly conservable and therefore a mechanical force cannot increase the amount of mass of a body of mass in motion no matter that motion is fast as the speed of light. So, what is there at ‘c’ for such a phenomenon to materialise? We must ask that question because, being a mechanical force, the kinetic force is only a state of mass under acceleration which increases the weight of mass without increasing the quantity of mass and therefore, the kinetic force is not a material aspect that could add to the rest mass of the accelerated particles or to the particles that emerge through the interaction of the accelerated particles to make them massive. The theory of relativity implying that happening is what we called black magic instead of physics.

It is neutrino interactions at ‘c’ that increase the mass of particles that emerge in interactions at ‘c’ because the neutrino always travel at the speed of light and therefore, particles that are accelerated to the speed of light have the chance of interacting with the neutrinos that encompasses all of space of the Universe. However, we could hardly detect that phenomenon since the neutrino that carry the basic force gravity which is not even a concentrated force let alone carrying an electric charge or at least carrying properties of charge (like the photon. Please refer to the theory on the electric forces that follows this theory) wouldn’t leave tracks when we carryout forced particle interactions in particle accelerators. Since the neutrinos are the carriers of the basic force gravity that sans properties such as the waves, a magnetic moment or the electric charge that easily interact with particles of mass since particles of mass are of such properties, neutrinos need time to interact with particles of mass and therefore, that could generally happen if any particle is travelling together with the neutrino at the speed of the neutrino, which is the speed of light. Thus, what is there at ‘c’ the speed of light is neutrino interactions where, basically speaking, since force gravity equals mass, accelerated particles colliding at the speed of light will also have the immensely abundant neutrinos naturally involved in their interactions to make the resulting particles massive by adding extra mass.

Thus, a massive Z⁰ particle or even a Tau a particle of much greater mass could emerge from the interaction of an electron positron pair if the interaction takes place at ‘c’ the domain of the neutrino.

However, that is only one part of the story of the emergence of massive particles through the interactions of tiny (low mass) particles. The other part is that, we must not forget the fact that charged particles hold extra force (the force that was once the antiparticle of a particle) under the electric charge they carry as explained in the theory of antiparticles/antimatter and the interactions involving such particles could also give rise to particles of greater mass than the total amount of mass of the interacting particles.

To explain the phenomenon briefly in here, please note that antiparticles emerge in order to generate heat necessary for nucleosyntheses by interacting with their corresponding particles and annihilating together and re-emerging. The process may go on as necessary and finally only a particle would emerge and the force that was once the antiparticle is now merged with the electric charge of the emerged particle and has left us looking around for the missing antiparticle. However, some antiparticles escape final annihilation and exist since their annihilation is only possible if they interact with their corresponding particle and not with any other. Please read the theory of antiparticles to understand why that is and much more. In here, let us explain that antiparticles do not emerge to exist parallel to their opposite particles but to generate heat as mentioned earlier and then the force equivalent take position behind the electric charge of the particles. The electric charge being highly concentrated force, it is the level of concentration that counts and not the volume of force behind the charge and thus, charge is the perfect hideout for the force that was an antiparticle. Why that force which was once the antiparticle has to be together with the particle is because when force equals mass, and the force is carried by quanta, a particle emerged through quantum force cannot generally be divided since that means reducing a force quantum further, which cannot generally happen. However, a few antiparticles may still escape reunion with their corresponding particles. Thus, the antiparticles that exist are of half the force of a quantum force that has given rise to a particle/antiparticle pair and its corresponding particle is of the other half of the quantum force. Nevertheless, although we may come across some antiparticles without any doubt we wouldn’t find their corresponding particles.

Thus, when we force interactions of electron/positron pairs in our particle accelerators, we must understand that the electrons are of full force and the positrons are of half the force compared to the electrons although they are equal in their mass and charge. The electron’s charge carries more force as they are sure to be particles that have reunited with their antiparticle portion of the force. It is this difference in force value the electron has over any positron  together with added neutrino interactions at ‘c’ that would give rise to a massive particle such as the Z⁰ or a Tau particle and not any magical relativistic mass appearing at ‘c’.

(Please find the second part of this theory under the theory of ‘antiparticles/antimatter’ which explains perhaps the greatest mystery in astrophysics,  as it was too soon for us to discuss such physical phenomena in here in detail before we understood certain aspects.)

We shall discuss the electric charge and magnetism next because they reveal some vital facts on some of the most important basic physics of the Universe that we had no idea of so far. What can we do right without understanding the basics? 

* (End of quantum gravity and related theories)                                                                                        

                                                                                                                                     top

If not for unveiling the quantum gravity in the beginning of this thesis and mentioning that force concentration being the primary process of the Universe, there is no doubt it will be quite surprising for most of us to understand electricity and magnetism both as phenomena of the force gravity rather than different facets of one another as depicted over the past centuries. While the electric forces are basically concentrated forces of gravity, magnetism is polarisation of force; a phenomenon that emerges in reaction through the concentrated forces. Since the concentrated forces were known as electric forces rather than concentrated forces as their origin was never understood, our ignorance on the so called electric forces led to our misconceptions on the link between electricity and magnetism. The electric forces emerging through the concentration of the force gravity and existing more or less permanently for us to consider them as entities of gravity especially due to the ultimate product of the force concentration, the ‘electric charge’ making a difference. However, magnetism cannot be considered an entity of gravity as an electric force is because, although emerging through the concentrated forces that carry the properties of electric charge, magnetism has nothing to do with the electric charge since its origination is different to that of the electric forces. While both forces are gravity with a difference, the electric forces physically exist in quanta and have the charge as an entity where magnetism as polarised electric forces is merely a reaction that further  enhances the already enhanced gravity because, electric forces are concentrated and therefore enhanced force gravity. Magnetism is only a phenomenon that emerges in reaction to the oscillation of an electric field in a medium – a gravitational field. Unlike the electric charge that emerges in the concentration of the electric forces (discussed later) magnetism is a different phenomenon that depends on the ongoing action to emerge in reaction where, the ongoing action (oscillation of the electric field) is also a reaction. That is an amazing bit of basic physics in the vacuum that we never understood. Therefore, we shall discuss the laws of physics governing these phenomena to understand them properly.

Nothing by itself could create a phenomenon in the Universe for us to link a phenomenon to a particular single aspect. It is for that matter that, the force gravity has two other distinct phenomena (magnetism and electricity) that we never even guessed to link to gravity since we didn’t understand how they emerge. And for that matter, we never knew anything about gravity other than it being only a force of attraction.

We shall take on this great phenomenon ‘magnetism’ which makes the link between electricity and gravity so obvious; yet unfortunately, never understood for centuries. It is not electricity and magnetism that are different facets of one another. Instead, they both are different facets of gravity. In the wake of our ignorance on gravity, magnetism and electricity wasn’t fully understood. That is why some are looking in vain for magnetic monopoles. The following new theories – electric charge and magnetism explain what they really are, and how they emerge help us understand certain fundamental aspects of the physical forces, and some basic physics of the Universe which take place in the vacuum. These unknown aspects are so vital so that, we shall establish the laws governing them as we go.

The link between magnetism and electricity is quite interesting. Why it is only an oscillating electric field that can create a magnetic field? That curiosity leads us to understand the electric charge and it exposes the most amazing astrophysics to date. In fact, what the electric charge exposes is the bit of basic astrophysics that we never knew and as a result, we were only feeling in the dark. The bit of basic physics the electric charge exposes is so amazing it spells out the theory of everything we have been looking for. Hence now, we can stop reshaping matter to suit our theories in our search for the theory of everything and go for it after understanding magnetism and the electric charge alone even if we did not understand what the quantum gravity was, since magnetism and electric charge help us understand the quantum gravity as mentioned earlier. Nevertheless, we shall resist our temptation to take a shortcut and take the long scenic route in educating ourselves since so much we know is wrong, and not simply wrong but terribly wrong because, we are practicing physics on a false foundation to begin with and that is the highly unintelligent energy-mass equivalence. Such an absurd hypothesis surviving for more than a century is unbelievable.  

Contrary to our present understanding on the large scale structure of the Universe being governed by gravity, the entire structure of the Universe from the formation of atoms in the microscopic realm to the large scale structure of the Universe is built and governed by magnetism that emerge in reaction. To understand that we must first understand how gravitational attractions of mass (of massive bodies) propagate in space especially since gravity is not of waves and most importantly force gravity or any force for that matter is not radiated by mass with the exception of the radiation of the strong force by quarks but only in a specific event since radiation of force requires the emission of force carriers by mass and since force equals mass, radiation of force may lead to the destruction of the quark that radiates the force. We shall discuss these so far unknown aspects later because it is difficult to explain every aspect in detail as we go without loosing our track.  (Although mass and the carriers of the electric forces have a wave function, the quantum gravity neutrino that fills the space of the Universe together with the photon and the electron, is of no waves.) If not for this amazing phenomenon magnetism, there wouldn’t be a Universe. All these facts are discussed in relevant theories. Thus, if I am allowed to express my joy in solving perhaps almost all the vital mysteries in the Universe, I wish to say that, just as the phenomena in the Universe are, the journey through this thesis is so dazzling where so much of modern physics is collapsing, it will be unforgettable for evermore.  Nobody in their wildest dreams could expect to publish three dozen theories in astrophysics, cosmology and elementary particle physics in one paper. I did not dream it either. It so happened due to the interconnectivity of physical phenomena of the Universe and of course, since the infancy of our physics left a gap to be filled.

The interconnection of all physical phenomena in the Universe is undeniable. (The fact behind that is everything emerging from one thing that, we shall establish.) So is the interconnection of all the theories in this thesis. Hence, to avoid complexity or lengthy diversions from the main topic of a theory, certain aspects mentioned in a theory could only be fully explained in another theory where clarifying the matter is more appropriate. On the other hand, although theories are presented as stand alone, any repetition of discussions had to be kept to the minimum and therefore, the thesis is recommended to be considered as a whole for the complete clarification of any given aspect due to the interconnectivity of the theories, and as the theories are proven with facts as the theories are discussed, this paper is an unprecedented grand thesis and not a treatise or a synthesis.  

                                                                                                                                       top

The Electric Forces and the Charge

In the theory of the quantum gravity we understood that, force gravity being the fundamental force of the Universe and the concentration of force gravity being the basic process of the emergence and the evolution of the Universe since, concentrated forces of gravity (electric forces) and mass and the electric charge emerge in that simple process which takes place under extreme heat. Thus, we must also note that, discussing how the electric forces emerged directly refers to the TOE and to the Superunification of all three forces or the so called grand Supersymmetry.

Although we are dealing with three fundamental forces, (without a weak nuclear force), gravity is the only and truly fundamental force. The two electric forces have emerged with the concentration of the force gravity and magnetism is due to the polarisation of the electric forces which we shall discuss next. Just as the electric forces emerged in the concentration of the force gravity, mass and the electric charge emerge in further concentration of the electric forces. The electric forces as concentrated forces are intensified forces of gravity and mass and charge emerging in their further concentration makes mass and charge different manifestations of the fundamental force gravity.

When electric forces have emerged from the concentration of force gravity, what we identify as electric in the concentrated forces is their great strength compared to the basic force gravity. Apart from their greater strength, the basic character of these forces remains the same as of the fundamental force gravity and that is attraction. However, in the force concentration the electric forces have emerged as separate distinct forces (entities) of gravity with a difference in the nature of the force and that is the wave nature of the electric forces which, the fundamental force gravity lacks obviously due to the weakness of the force. Thus, electric forces being concentrated forces of force gravity is obvious with their basic character (attraction) and the greater strength and of course with the wave nature of the force due to concentration. Just as force concentration has intensified the force gravity in the emergence of the electric forces, concentration of the electric forces further intensifies the strength of force in the emergence of the electric charge. However, in the concentration of an electric force, mass emerge as a product of the force before the charge emerge and therefore, the full force is not available for the charge to emerge and thus, charge could only emerge in particles of mass. That makes electric charge a phenomenon that emerges in mass where the emergence of mass is also a phenomenon in the concentration of an electric force.

Basically, the electric charge is in fact nothing but the highly intensified force due to great force concentration compared to the concentration in an electric force. Therefore, just as the electric forces are, the electric charge is also concentrated force gravity. The forces of nature must be of at least two different characteristics in order for certain reactions (repulsions) to emerge. We shall discuss why that is in due course. Thus, electric charge which is repulsive by some means is the other characteristic of gravity which remains hidden or non-existent when the force is in its basic form and only emerges when the basic force is concentrated into a denser force and an electric charge basically is highly intensified part of the force; and mass represents the other part of the force. We shall understand more of this phenomenon when we discuss particle physics. However, well defined electric charge (that we call negative or positive) is the final product of the force concentration. We can see three stages of the charge emerging process being quite evident. First the properties of charge appear in the force concentration when the massless gauge bosons, the force carriers of an electric force emerge defined on the level of concentration – the basis of the strength of an electric force.

Before we go any further, we must clarify what we mean by properties of charge or hallmarks of charge are. When an electric force is concentrated force gravity and therefore intensified force gravity and electric charge is further intensified electric force, it is the properties of the electric force that we also call properties of charge and that is nothing other than the wave form of the force that emerge as a result of concentration. Thus, the intensity of a concentrated force makes the force electric since a force of nature is a lively aspect although the charge is not well defined at this stage. (The electromagnetic force is the best example on that.) The intensification of force in force concentration is obviously due to the force taking the wave form as a concentrated force. Thus, the wave form or the wave nature is the primary feature of a concentrated force and that means the primary feature of an electric force. Therefore, wave nature of an electric force carries the primary hallmarks of the electric charge since charge is nothing other than further intensified force in greater concentration that also makes the force manifest as mass. That makes mass and charge the products of the force, emerging in great force concentration. When mass emerges with further force contraction in concentration that increases the density of the so-called electric forces to manifest as mass, electric charges emerge as mass reach certain densities; the level of which we may be able to analyse in future to determine since now we understand the facts. (Please refer to the TOE.) That means, for the first time in the history of physics we are into understanding that, electric forces and charge being gravitational aspects that emerge with the concentration of the force gravity. In other words, electric force or the charge is a phenomenon that emerges with the concentration of the force gravity. Thus, the strength of the electric forces depends on the level of concentration of force gravity and therefore, the density of the forces must vary and of course it is a factor in the density of mass that emerge with a particular electric force and the density of mass is also a factor on the degree of the charge that finally emerges because, mass and charge are products of force that emerge in force concentration and contraction. (These aspects are further discussed in the TOE.)

Thus, an electric charge is a gravitational phenomenon that emerges with great force concentration and contraction that surpasses the minimum force density required for the emergence of mass. That means, if electric charges emerge well defined in the early stage of the force concentration, there cannot be neutral particles of mass. This fact implies that, massless particles cannot carry a charge. (Thus, our idea of the gluons – the strong force carriers carrying a colour charge is false physics. In fact the so called colour charge is altogether a great blunder in astrophysics. We shall rectify such errors in due course in this thesis.) Nevertheless, properties of charge appear in massless gauge bosons with their emergence since force concentration is the factor behind all phenomena of the electric forces. Thus, mass and negative and positive charges will emerge in individual particles with further concentration of the electric forces.

Massless particles or in other words, massless quanta are the basic form of a force. However, unlike the massless quanta of the underlying force the quantum gravity, the massless quanta or the force carriers of the electric forces are of concentrated force since force concentration is the basis of the emergence of the electric forces and the basis of the emergence of mass and charge. Charge being the final product of the force concentration, charge only emerges in particles of mass.   Our idea of the gluons – the vector gauge bosons of the strong nuclear force carrying a colour charge analogous to electric charge and its anti-colour is a great misconception based on the fact that the gluons always give rise to a combination of quarks and since the gluons interact with each other unlike the photon of the EM force which being of zero charge, do not interact with each other. In that respect, even the gluons are of zero charge and we think the gluons have both the so called colour and its anti-colour (charge and the opposite charge) which cancels each other to give white or in other words, zero net charge. Before we go any further on that, if the net charge is zero, how the gluons interact with each other while the photon doesn’t is the question in the first place and that suggests we do not understand the strong force and especially the electric charge very well. With the basis of the emergence of the electric charge we have already discussed, we can understand that there cannot be multiple electric charges that we call colour charge, rather than the basic two opposite charges which also define the emergence and existence of matter and anti-matter. (We shall further analyse the false colour charge in due course.) The gluons may interact with each other since they carry properties of charge that are probably more prominent than the properties of charge carried by the lesser EM force carriers the photons, and there cannot be any other reason than that since force concentration is the basic factor behind all the phenomena of an electric force, including its own origin.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                  top

Why an Electric Charge exists alone

In force concentration, mass emerging before the charge emerges means the electric charge represents the mass that carry a charge because there are two kinds of charge – the negative and the positive charge. Since mass emerge before the charge emerges well defined, charge emerges as a product of mass and in fact, as a product of mass density and therefore, negative and positive charges are phenomena that emerge in separate mass in the force concentration.

Why the electric charge has its opposite charge and magnetism is dipole is due to a great fact in physics. That is, all phenomena of the Universe must emerge in reaction. (This aspect is subsequently clarified where it is more suitable and made a law.) Thus, in here we must establish the following law to qualify that requirement.

‘All phenomena in the Universe are reactions. Thus, the foremost aspects of the Universe – the fundamental forces, must be of at least two characteristics – attraction and repulsion, in order for reactions to emerge’.

When all physical forces are attractive, there must be a repulsive force for reactions to emerge. However, there cannot be a repulsive force of nature since a force cannot radiate the force beyond a force carrier without emitting subsequent force carriers through the primary force carriers, which is not generally possible since they are already in quantum state and we shall discuss that in due course. On the other hand we have to establish the following law too on the very aspect.

‘A physical force of nature cannot have two or more different characteristics at the same time. Therefore, a physical force may have one characteristic as its basic feature and let any other emerge in reaction. When the basic character of a force is attraction, repulsion must emerge in reaction’

That is where electrical and magnetic repulsions that emerge in reaction come to play.

If a force of nature is of only one particular character (or feature), no action is possible since, all actions must emerge in reaction. What we mentioned in here as ‘all actions must emerge in reaction’ is one of the great laws of physics established in this thesis where it will be clearly understood. Laws of physics are the basic facts that exist in nature. Thus, when a fundamental force must be of two different features, the existence of one underlying force instead of three can be understood easily. Although there are two electric forces, they are basically same since emerged through the underlying force gravity with two different strengths of force to one another. The existence of two electric forces with their basic difference to one another only in the strength of force (which is clearly obvious in particle interactions) implies the fact that they have emerged through an underlying force. When there is only the force gravity other than the electric forces and when everything in the Universe obviously displaying gravitational attractions, that makes gravity the underlying force. The electric forces are merely concentrated and therefore enhanced forces of gravity. Thus, the two different electric forces have emerged with two different concentrations of the force gravity. Being concentrated forces, the electric forces exist as entities of the fundamental force and the electric forces are with two different features in accordance to the above law. They are the negative and positive charges that emerge with further concentration of the electric forces in giving rise to mass. Radioactivity is also an electrical phenomenon that emerges in mass as mass may carry a charge or properties of charge, and in the TOE we shall discuss the radioactivity which we mistook for a weak nuclear force since we did not know how mass emerge or what an electric charge is.

When mass and charge are products of the force, the force equals the mass and the charge mass may carry. If we like to explain why mass may carry a charge in simple terms rather than in mathematics, the force loses its character in turning into mass and therefore, mass may retain a bit of highly concentrated force in order to exert a reasonable or sufficient force, which we call a charge. Mass emerge in further concentration of an electric force and charge being highly concentrated force, emerges in the very process of the emergence of mass and therefore, charge always emerges in mass. However, mass may emerge without carrying a defined charge; nevertheless, mass always carry properties of charge since emerging through electric forces.  Thus, there is no necessity for a separate force (weak nuclear force) to be in mass to do any tricks such as inducing decay. Decay is dissolution of concentrated force or in other words, dissolution of the wave function that emerged as a result of the force concentration because; the properties of charge are always active in mass (since such properties means the wave function) whether mass is charged or neutral. Even otherwise, two forces of different strengths cannot be together without the weaker force merging into the stronger force not only since their basis is concentration of force, but mass is also a form of concentrated force and thus, mass is of one force and that means a particle of mass is a concentration of only one particular  force. Therefore, there cannot be another force in mass and that means there is no weak nuclear force in mass to induce radioactive decay in mass. It is false physics to suggest otherwise and radioactivity is an inherent character of mass since emerging from electric forces which we never knew up until now with the publication of this thesis and we shall further discuss what exactly decay is in the TOE to eliminate our ignorance on the matter that has led to the creation of a weak nuclear force and worst still, the jumble called the electroweak theory winning the Nobel prize for physics for unifying this no force with the electromagnetic force shows how severe our ignorance in physics is.

When great force concentration is required for the electric charge to emerge, both charges that are opposite to each other cannot be in massless electric force carriers (as we believe in the case of gluons) since the massless quanta are the basic form of a force that emerge in the initial force concentration and greater force concentration is required for charges to emerge. Nevertheless, massless quanta carry the hallmarks of the electric charge that is bound to emerge well defined further down the track and necessarily together with the opposite charge as required by the laws on physical phenomena – governing motion to emerge in reactions. Thus, the concentrated form of the electric forces could turn into either neutral mass or mass with charge and in the latter, necessarily together with an anti-particle that carries the opposite charge as charge emerges in mass where mass is a product of the force just as the charge is a product of the force.  Thus, the charge suggests the density of the mass of a charged particle. Interestingly, when the charge is high – eV1, the intensity of the amount of force that has manifested as mass is less since, just as mass, charge is also a product of the very force and therefore, one affects the emergence of the other. Thus, when the charge is less than eV1 (fractional), the force that has turned into mass is accordingly great and therefore, the density of such mass will be high. However, the intensity of the force in a particle of mass unlike of a massless particle will only be displayed in particle interactions where the particle would annihilate in turning back into the force. Otherwise, a particle of mass only displays a reflection of the force (the residue) that is within, which is proportional to the force density and therefore, to the mass density and volume. Thus, since a force generally doesn’t radiate and most importantly, when the force has turned into mass, gravitational attractions of mass are weak as a residuum. (Please refer to the TOE for further clarification.) 

When electric charges emerge in the emergence of mass in further concentration of the electric forces, it is clear to us that massless quanta or the carriers of electric forces have emerged without the electric charges in them being well defined. Nevertheless, the characteristics or the ability to give rise to mass and charges in the event of further concentration is within the force since such aspects are products of the force. It is in here the basic difference of the forces come to play a vital role. The strong force is 100 times stronger than the electromagnetic force. The secret behind this basic difference is the different levels of force concentrations in the emergence of the two distinct electric forces that required for the emergence and the evolution of mass – in other words, the Universe.

Thus, if we look at it in another angle, the strong nuclear force has emerged with the greatest concentration of the force gravity to have the required strength. The force concentration of gravity which gave rise to the EM force was considerably less compared to the concentration that gave rise to the strong force, so that the EM force is 100 times weaker than the strong force. Now it is easy for us to analyse the phenomena of the electric charge that emerges with these forces.

Just as electricity is a hidden phenomenon of gravity that emerges in the force concentration, mass and the electric charges are phenomena of the electric forces and emerge further down the track in the force concentration. Thus, there are no massless particles with electric charge. Massless quanta are the basic form of a force. Therefore, the reason for the massless force carriers to be neutral is, in them, the force concentration through which charge emerge has not reach the point that gives rise to a charge. Quite evidently, mass must emerge before a charge emerges since all charged particles are of mass. It is wrong for us to say that, massless quanta of any force carry both charges that results in the cancellation of each other because, the charge is a product of the force concentration that represents the force and therefore, if the charge is cancelled within a force carrier, the force that has emerged in the very process (of concentration) wouldn’t be electric. However, we cannot explain the matter with such logic because opposite charges must emerge in separate mass as mass emerge together with antiparticles and charge emerge in the greatest force concentration that surpasses the point where mass emerge and therefore, beyond that point the concentration that makes the density of mass makes the emerging charge proportional to the mass density since both these phenomena (mass and charge) are products of the force that emerge in the same process of concentration.   Nevertheless, in massless vector gauge bosons – the force carriers, the potential of giving rise to mass and both charges emerging with further concentration at a particular threshold temperature is always there as the massless quanta (except neutrinos) are already electric forces due to the wave nature of the force and the wave nature or the form of the force is exactly what we call electric since the wave nature of the force is due to the force concentration intensifying the strength of the concentrated force and it is the wave form of the force further enhances under further force concentration to manifest as mass and finally as charge and therefore, we could say that, massless electric force carriers carry the hallmarks of electric charge and that simply means the wave nature of the force and that is evident with the gluons and photons.

The gluons of the strong force have the greatest concentration of force gravity in them and therefore, the force density is greater than in the photon of the electromagnetic force. When force concentration is the fact behind the emergence of the electric forces and mass and charge, the gluon that has the greatest force concentration compared to the other massless gauge boson the photon, is on the verge of giving rise to mass and charge (charged particles) due to the great force concentration in them. That means, due to the density of the strong force, the properties of the electric charges must be already prominent in the gluons but they cannot be well defined charges as we have assumed due to certain phenomena.  Since the hallmarks of charge are prominent to a point due to the greater force density, the gluons could interact with each other unlike the photons that carry a force of lesser density and therefore, basically neutral as massless quanta due to the hallmarks of charge are less prominent in them compared to the gluons of the strong force. 

With further concentration of the force in massless quanta, mass emerge and of course, where mass is not neutral, mass emerge with an antiparticle that carry the opposite charge as both charges cannot be in the same particle since, unlike the magnetic dipoles, an electric charge is due to the concentration of the force and therefore the charge represents the force behind it. Strictly speaking, since force=mass and charge, and mass emerge first; charge represents the density of mass. When electric charge is a product of the force concentration where mass emerge first and therefore in further concentration mass density becomes a factor in the emerging charge, both charges cannot be in the same particle of mass as opposite charges emerge through further force concentration that decides the density of mass. On the other hand, negative and positive charges cannot be of different properties rather than being of slightly different origination due to mass density becoming a factor in the emergence of charge and especially since particles and anti-particles emerge simultaneously in the same process.

In electric forces, a force to force difference is fundamentally based on the strength of the force and the strength or the power of the force depends on the concentration of that force. When electric forces have emerged in the concentration of a basic force, the electric forces are not truly conservable as they can be dissolved back into the basic force that made them. Thus, the electric charge that emerges eventually in further force concentration of the electric forces is also not a truly conservable property contrary to our present understanding where we did not understand what an electric charge is in the first place. Nevertheless, the electric forces exist in the Universe as entities of the underlying force gravity and therefore, they exist more or less as fundamental forces just as the force gravity since their existence is vital not only for the emergence but also for the evolution of the Universe and thus, the electric forces and charge are conservable to a greater extent. Interestingly, when the so called grand Supersymmetry is only theoretical – which we will know only with the fate of the Universe – the electric forces and the charge are of course, conservable. However, what is truly conservable in the Universe is the underlying force gravity only. (Please refer to the theory of ‘conservation of the fundamental element of the Universe’.)

Since there are two distinct electric forces based on the power of the force, we find two force carriers according to the strength and the use of the force. Unlike magnetism that emerges in an electric field as a reaction and therefore, necessarily as an enhanced form (polarised form) of the existing electric field; the electric forces are fundamentally existing forces as entities of force gravity due to the electric charge that emerges in the ultimate force concentration  as a product of the force. It is the properties or the hallmarks of charge (the wave form) that makes a concentrated force electric. Without that being the truth, if an electric force exists there is no necessity for a charge to emerge through it because, charge is highly intensified force and of course, charge as an entity in mass is a unique manifestation of the force. Thus, the electric charge is the other characteristic of gravity that emerges in the ultimate force concentration as a well defined feature and with its opposite charge. Thus, charge is a product of the force concentration (force density) and therefore, both charges cannot be in a single particle since mass represents the charge.

In the force concentration, hallmarks of electric charge or primary formation of charge which is basically increased density of the force appears first. The concentrated forces that we call the electric forces taking the wave form due to increased force density are evidence on that fact. Thus, the massless gauge bosons of the electric forces carry the hallmarks of charge to identify them as electric force carriers. When further contraction of the force takes place, mass emerges and due to the presence of hallmarks of charge that are already in the force and their intensification in further force contraction, mass emerges in pairs that carry the opposite charges. (However, mass or in other words, particles do not always emerge with their antiparticles. This thesis solves the great mystery of antiparticles/antimatter. Please refer to the theory of antimatter.) When mass and charge are products of the force and mass emerge first in further force concentration of an electric force, charge must emerge as a product of mass and strictly speaking, charge must emerge as a product of the mass density since concentration is the basis of these phenomena. That is the reason why negative and positive electric charges exist in separate particles of mass. On the other hand, electric charges are never in massless particles since charge is the final product of the force in concentration and massless particles being the force carriers are the primary product of a concentrated force and that means they emerge in the initial concentration of the basic force that determines the basic strength of a concentrated force.

When charge is the final product of the force, charge is not the source of the force. Instead, force is the source of the charge because; charge is a product of the force in force concentration just as mass is a product of the force concentration. That means highly concentrated force manifest as mass and as charge. Massless force carriers do not need to carry a charge and in fact cannot carry a charge since charge emerge in further great force concentration of the electric forces whereas the electric force carriers have emerged in the initial concentration of the fundamental force gravity. Then again, in further concentration of the electric forces, mass emerge before the charge emerges and therefore, charge could only emerge in particles of mass.

It is mass that needs to carry a charge since mass is the secondary form of a force and therefore, where the force has turned into mass, the force is basically ineffective and therefore, mass may need to carry a charge in order to exert a reasonable force since charge is intensified force. Why we could say “exert a reasonable force” is because, when mass and charge are products of a force, they are nothing other than the manifestations of a concentrated force and therefore, just as mass is part of the force, charge is also only a part of the force and charge is required by mass to exert a reasonable force since, in the manifestation of the force as mass, the strength of force becomes no more than a residue in mass. That is why mass may carry a charge to exert a reasonable force. Thus, electric charge is basically highly intensified amount of force manifesting through mass where the rest of the force has manifested as mass in the concentration of the force. Therefore, if the full force is needed to be exerted in particle interactions, a particle of mass must annihilate and turn back into a massless force carrier to exert the full force.

That is what exactly happening to prevent the separation of a quark from a combination of quarks because, what we call a nucleon (a proton or a neutron as a combination of quarks) is a complex elementary particle that shouldn’t be fragmented because they are the primary constituents of matter, thus, the primary building blocks of the Universe. However, particles (mass) emerged from quantum force cannot be separated in the first place. (Please refer to the theory of antiparticles/antimatter to clarify that.) Nevertheless, the strong force carriers, the gluons that give rise to quark combinations are not in true quantum state but carry differing proportions of the strong force and that is exactly why there are 8 different gluons or 8 different strong force carriers. The purpose of their existence is to give rise to different combinations of quarks in order to form complex atomic nuclei which are the primary foundation of different elements in the Universe.  Due to such facts, the quarks that have emerged with different amount of force have the ability to partially annihilate and emit one or a few gluons in radiating the strong force to keep their combination intact as fundamental particles. If a quark is pulled further apart from a combination, the quark combination will annihilate (decay) into a gluon and the gluon will turn back into a combination of quarks as the gluons – the strong force exists mainly to provide the primary constituents of matter – the quarks, which makes the atomic nucleus with the most fundamental elementary particles (protons and neutrons) that led us to have a wrong notion due to their complex composition with three quarks, of which the combination can be changed since a greater complexity is required with these primary building blocks, as the atomic number – the number of protons in the atomic nucleus decides the identity of an element.

Quark combinations making the protons and neutrons or in other words, making the nucleons rather than they being solid particles is also necessary for the formation of the atoms which we have failed to understand so far. We shall discuss these amazing physics of the cosmos in the TOE to understand the strong force and the role of the quarks. As for the so called colour charge, now that we have discussed what an electric charge is and how electric charges emerge, the facts prove the absurdity of the colour charge. Nevertheless, the matter is analysed where necessary.

                                                                                                                                      top

Magnetism is Polarised Gravity

Why there are no magnetic monopoles

Why magnetism has no charge and

 How moving Magnetic fields create Electric fields, are theories within.

Magnetism is a phenomenon that emerges in reaction to the oscillation of an electric field. The phenomenon is the polarisation of the electric field in motion since the electric fields are of waves and the waves tend to polarise due to the spinning of particles. We have just learnt that the electric forces have emerged through the concentration of force gravity and as concentrated forces the electric forces have emerged with a wave form of the force due to compression and contraction in the process of concentration under immense heat and that mean increased density of the force which also means the increased strength of the force. Mass emerge with further concentration of the electric forces and therefore, mass is also of the wave form. The polarisation of the waves enhances the force especially at the two poles since a wave has two ends and that is where the power of attraction is greater.  Thus, although magnetism is generated by the  oscillation of an electric field, where the electric forces are not fundamental forces but forces that have emerged through the concentration of a fundamental force, the basic force behind the electric field is the force gravity and therefore, magnetism is polarised and enhanced gravity. Contrary to our former understanding, that makes the electric force and the magnetic force two facets of force gravity.  Let us now clarify these facts.

Magnetism is obviously a polarised force and that is why there are two magnetic poles at the north end and the south end along the earth’s axis of rotation. Thus, magnetism being dipole implies the fact that the force is linear to have two ends and that means the force is of waves to have polarised. If we look in another angle, the magnetic force being strongest at the poles implies the fact that a basic force has polarised and therefore enhanced. If so, we must find out what the basic force that gets polarised and the process of that force polarisation. Thus, we shall understand what exactly magnetism is and how exactly magnetism emerges.

We don’t see magnetism as a fundamental force that exists in quantum state. In that respect we already know that, magnetism is a phenomenon that emerges with the oscillation (generally speaking, motion) of an electric field. That means magnetism emerges in reaction. When we identify magnetism as a polarised force and when the polarisation of the force is a reaction, the magnetic force is not a distinct force that emerges but an enhanced form of an existing force.

Interestingly, since electric fields are instrumental in generating magnetism due to their spin, we have rushed to link the generation of magnetism to electricity. While that is obviously true, we never knew the facts behind that obvious truth. Thus, since the motion of a magnetic field creates an electric field in turn and as we did not understand that phenomenon either, we concluded that, magnetism and electricity being different facets of one another and that is where we went wrong. Now, let us analyse all these aspects to understand what magnetism really is and how exactly the phenomenon emerges.   

The magnetic force is a phenomenon that emerges when an oscillating electric field is polarised since an electric field is of waves. However, an electric field is an enhanced gravitational field since the electric forces have emerged in the wave form in the concentration of force gravity. What we generally mean by calling electric when referring to the concentrated forces is their higher strength compared to the basic force gravity. On the same token, electric charge is highly intensified electric force. Nevertheless, the basic force in any case is gravity. Thus, ‘Magnetism that emerges with the polarisation of an electric field is basically polarised gravity and therefore, enhanced gravity’ is the basic explanation or definition we can give. However, since now we understand the basis of both these forces, there is no harm in saying magnetism is polarised electric force as the phenomenon is generally obvious and it is our first impression.  Magnetism and electricity being different facets of the same thing (meaning either of electricity or magnetism) is a great wrong notion since we did not understand the origin of the electric forces and the magnetic force.

Magnetism is of course a different aspect of the electric force since it is the wave nature of the eclectic force that polarises. Nevertheless, magnetism is not par with the electric force since magnetism does not emerge with the electric charge. The reason for that is, unlike the electric charge existing as a true entity of the electric forces, magnetism is only a condition of an element that may only exist under certain circumstances and that means the motion of the electric field and therefore the condition is the polarisation of the electric field as a reaction under the circumstances of motion. Thus, magnetism as polarisation of an electric field is an external phenomenon of the electric forces and due to its different origination compared to the electric forces, magnetic force is without a charge.

Magnetism is a phenomenon that emerges in reaction and necessarily in a gravitational field since an oscillating electric field is basically concentrated force gravity. Thus, magnetism cannot be linked to electricity alone, let alone considering to be a different aspect of electricity by it self. Interestingly, magnetism is the simplest, yet clear evidence on the link between the electric force and the force of gravity. What we must understand in here is the fact that, if gravity has nothing to do with electricity, an oscillating electric field in a gravitational field (the space is a gravitational field) cannot make an affect (a reaction) in its basic force. That means mass and the electric force quanta must be of gravity to have such a link. The evidence we have on that great fact are the existence of matter that display electric and gravitational forces and the very existence of the two electric forces apparently based on gravity which, this thesis proves. For instance, the attractive force displayed by the electric force carriers is gravitational and the only difference is they are enormously powerful forces since being concentrated forces of gravity compared to the basic force gravity carried by the quantum gravity the neutrino. On the other hand, all particles of mass whether charged or electrically neutral, exert only gravitational attractions despite having emerged through the electric forces. The reason for that is the basic force behind the electric forces being gravity, the underlying force. We will find enough proof on such facts as we go. Let us first take on the simplest evidence on the link between electricity and gravity – ‘magnetism’ that gave us a wrong notion for centuries.

Interestingly, not only magnetism but electric force too was never understood very well. Magnetism is not a fundamental force that exists but a phenomenon that emerges as a reaction to an action. On the other hand, although two distinct electric forces exist from the beginning of the Universe for us to consider as fundamental forces, they are not truly unique or fundamental forces. That means the two electric forces have emerged through a source – through an underlying force. Nevertheless, unlike magnetism being ‘generated’ in a process and dependent on the ongoing process to exist, the electric forces have ‘emerged’ in a process and exist as distinct quanta and that means the electric forces exist as entities of an underlying force. That underlying force or their source or the origin is the so far unidentified ‘Superforce’ – the force Gravity. Such facts are discussed in relevant theories.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                     top

Why there are no Magnetic Monopoles

Although magnetism apparently emerges through the oscillation of an electric field, magnetism is quite simply, nothing other than enhanced gravity since an electric field that polarises is concentrated gravity. The enhancement is the polarisation of the force. Thus, magnetism is a strong gravitational field, but with a difference. The difference is the polarisation that makes the field linear along the spin axis of the particle or the body of mass that is spinning and creates two ends of the field that we define as ‘magnetic poles’. While both ends of the magnetic field or the poles are basically attractive in force, in interactions of the very poles, only the opposite poles to one another attract each other. Like poles repulse each other. On the other hand, the force is greatest at the poles. Such phenomena are due to the force being polarised.

The uniformity of the electron orbiting in the atoms of permanent magnets provides the hard evidence on magnetism being a polarised force.  Thus, there cannot be any magnetic monopoles because; with the polarisation of the force immerge two opposite poles of the very force. Magnetism being dipole due to the polarisation of the force which is in the form of waves is the basis of the origination of magnetism. Hence, there cannot be magnetic monopoles. That is the very reason why there are no magnetic monopoles. These amazing facts on magnetism were unknown in physics for a few centuries since mankind first encountered this phenomenon. Therefore, the fact that magnetism being polarised and thus, being an enhanced field of gravity not only explains what magnetism really is and how exactly magnetism emerges, but also solves one of the greatest mysteries in physics – the reason why there are no ‘Magnetic Monopoles’. The enhancing gravitational field already has the attractive force as its basis. When that attractive force is polarised, the two ends of the now linear field become repulsive to like poles due to the force orientation. The force polarisation is the only reason for the repulsion of the like poles and the attraction of the opposite poles when the basic nature of the force is attraction only. Thus, this phenomenon of the poles itself proves what magnetism is and how the force emerges. Therefore, magnetism being a linear force in polarisation, there cannot ever be magnetic monopoles. Magnetism must necessarily be of dipole unlike the existence of negative or positive single electric charge.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                    top

Why Magnetism has no Charge

Unlike the electric force, the magnetic force has no charge due to its different origination although magnetism emerges through the same force that the electric charge emerges. But for that matter, the electric forces do not carry a well defined charge rather than carrying properties of charge that have emerged in the initial force concentration. In our analysis of the quantum gravity, we found basic gravity has no obvious electric charge or such properties. However, in the theory of the electric forces and the charge, we understood that, electric charge being highly intensified force gravity under concentration. Thus, it is the character or a property of basic force gravity that develops in force concentration to manifest as mass and also as the electric charge. Thus, perhaps we could say that, the amazing features that manifest as – mass and electric charge, remains hidden and negligible in gravity until the force concentration takes place under immense heat to emerge prominently as the force density increases and thus, charge that emerges after the emergence of mass has to be the ultimate intensification of force due to great force concentration. We are inclined to accept that as the fact since, mass is also a product of the force in force concentration. What is important for us to understand in here is the fact that, the electric forces emerge through the concentration of the force gravity and magnetism is not. Magnetism means the polarised concentrated force of gravity (in other words, polarised electric force) where the basic force gravity has turned into the wave form due to concentration at high temperature. The polarisation of the force is only a minor phenomenon that increases the strength of the force but does not bring forth the hidden characteristic of gravity and by that we mean the electric charge which requires a different process (further concentration rather than polarisation) to emerge.

However, we may only loosely call the charge is a hidden characteristic of gravity to link the phenomenon ultimately to basic gravity, but the electric charge basically being highly intensified force, no particular characteristic as such other than the ability of the force to become concentrated to be stronger remains hidden in the basic force of gravity only to emerge eventually as a concentrated force under certain conditions. Therefore, it is feasible for us to say that, if anything remains hidden (so to speak) in basic force gravity that is its attractiveness or the pulling power and the ability of the force to concentrate and thereby intensifying the force and the concentrated force taking the wave form. The intensification of the force due to concentration and the wave form of the concentrated force is exactly what we call electric. Then again, charge is further intensification of an electric force under further concentration and since mass as a product of force emerge prior to the emergence of charge, only a part of the force will emerge as charge and since mass emerge prior to the emergence of the charge, it is needless to say that, charge could only emerge in mass. Therefore, due to its different origination, magnetism has no electric charge which requires a completely different process to emerge. Nevertheless, magnetism in turn could generate electricity; but how?

Continued:

                                                                                                                                    top

How moving Magnetic fields create Electric fields

The secret behind the phenomenon of oscillating magnetic fields that have no electric charge creating electric fields in turn remains to be explained in physics. Nevertheless, it is due to this unexplained phenomenon that, electricity and magnetism thought to be different aspect of each other which is now quite clearly a great misconception.   In everyday world, electricity is by the flow of electrons. However, oscillating magnetic fields generating electricity does not mean magnetism is producing electrons which require extreme temperatures in the first place. The threshold temperature required for the emergence of electron is 6000 million (six billion) degrees and magnetism does not generate such an enormous heat to create electrons.  Instead, magnetism attracts existing free electrons in the atmosphere and directs their flow through a medium – a metal conductor, in generating electricity. On the other hand, magnetism emerges in an electric field as an enhancement of the field due to polarisation. Unlike basic gravity, an electric field functions in the wave form due to emerging through the concentration of basic gravity and it is due to the wave form that an electric field in motion gets polarised and needless to say the polarised force is enhanced. However, what is behind the electric field is basic gravity and that makes what is behind the emerging phenomenon magnetism also being a gravitational phenomenon. Thus, magnetism is not a different facet of electricity as we have misconceived in our ignorance. Instead, magnetism and electricity both are different facets of gravity.  The electron is a primary particle so abundant in the Universe as to fill the space of the Universe just as the photon and the neutrino and the negatively charged electron with its magnetic moment is attracted to magnetism which is an immensely powerful force compared to the basic force of gravity mass generally exerts. The electron especially being an abundant particle with its negative charge and the magnetic moment has a great attraction to magnetism. What attracts the electron to the atomic nucleus and holds the electron in orbit around the nucleus is the magnetosphere generated by the nucleus. We shall later discuss the atomic formation and features like magnetospheres around massive bodies of mass to understand the vital purpose of the existence of magnetism.   

Magnetism as we have discussed, is not an attribute of electricity alone. As always is in physics, two things must influence each other or one another for a phenomenon that we generally call a ‘reaction’ to emerge. That means there is no such thing called ‘Electromagnetic Force’ but ‘Electric Force’ that generates magnetism in a gravitational field. In that respect the fact remains that an electric field is basically a concentrated and intensified gravitational field. Therefore, it is in fact an ‘Electro-gravitational’ phenomenon that is known as ‘Magnetism’. On the other hand, it is not only the Photon – the so-called electromagnetic force carrier, but almost all particles and ordinary matter create a magnetic field in their spin.  Since emerged from electric forces, all particles have an electric charge whether it is positive, negative or neutral. The neutral or zero charge is only because, having only the hallmarks of charge as in the Z⁰ particle for an example of a neutral particle of mass and the photon for a massless particle of zero charge. Thus, we cannot link the magnetic force to a particular particle, no matter that particle being the most abundant and the most prominent electric force carrier (the photon), and most importantly, we cannot link the magnetic force directly with the electric force as the electric force by itself cannot create a magnetic field unless the oscillation of an electric field takes place in a field of gravity, generally speaking, in a medium for a reaction to emerge. (That is apart from the electric forces being gravitational phenomena.)  In that respect, all of space of the Universe is a gravitational field, and why and how that very phenomenon exists is explained later; because, without even knowing what the quantum gravity is, where mass do not emit a force carrying particle for their gravitational attractions to radiate through the space, we have no idea of how gravity (of mass) encompasses all of space although we say it only since it is obvious due to certain facts.

While the electric forces are not unique forces of nature that are much different to the force gravity or existed as a primary element of the Universe for us to consider them as  fundamental forces rather than being gravitational phenomena that may dissolve back into basic gravity (neutrinos) and re emerge as electric force carriers in the nucleosyntheses or particle interactions in the evolution of the Universe; even if we like to consider electric forces as fundamental forces since they exist almost from the beginning and apparently behave so distinctively, the signature of an electric force or electric field – the wave form, alone is not responsible for generating magnetism as explained earlier because one aspect alone cannot create a phenomenon. However, gravity encompasses all of Space and therefore, every point in the interstellar Space is a gravitational field and we have overlooked that fact in understanding the emergence of magnetism as a reaction to the spin of matter. That is because, in our ignorance we have linked electricity and magnetism together, thinking electricity and magnetism are different aspects of one another simply because, electric fields are so obviously instrumental in the emergence of magnetism and since the basis of the electric forces was not known to be the force gravity, the need to study this phenomenon any further never arose. Therefore, the involvement of gravity first as the basis of the so called electric fields and then as a medium influencing an affect on electric fields to spin, in generating magnetism was not understood. The reason for us not to wonder why the electric force is dual form – ‘electro-magnetic’ as we have understood or rather misunderstood was, not knowing the laws governing any phenomena that we call ‘reactions’.

(In order to discuss the facts on reactions which expose some vital basic physics of the cosmos, the rest of the theory of magnetism is woven together with the following theory of the motion in space.)     

                                                                                                                                    top                      

Motion in Space

All phenomena in the Universe are due to the existence of a force of nature, which is a force of attraction that could also be repulsive by some means. Nevertheless, ‘motion’ – the primary phenomena in the Universe is governed by three laws of physics. The following is the first law.

‘The fundamental law for any physical phenomena in the Universe is to have two things affecting each other. Thus, every action must emerge in reaction’.

We shall discuss that law where it is more appropriate and that is when we discuss the three states of the space. In here, the basic truth implied by the above law is sufficient for us to analyse the role of the electric force in generating magnetism.     

According to the above law, nothing by itself could create a physical phenomenon – strictly speaking ‘an action’, if that thing is not influenced by another thing or if it is not influencing another thing. Interestingly, another vital law emerges with that requirement. That is,

‘For something to influence another without their own physical contact, matter must be of a physical force of nature to inherit the characteristics of that force, as only a force of nature could attract or counter a force’.

(What is more interesting is, with that law, the false energy-mass equivalence collapsing quite early in basic physics if we knew the basics right.)

However, even if matter originate from a force of nature and inherit the characteristics such as attraction of that force, action is still not possible in absolute space since matter do not radiate a force by means of emission of force carriers and therefore, there must be a medium in space that mediate the force in matter for their interactions. Thus, it is required to establish the third law governing motion in absolute space as follows. 

‘Unless something is driven by external force or due to repulsion as a reaction, nothing by itself could move in Absolute Space since there is no basis for any reactions of matter to emerge. Thus, a precondition – a physical medium that could cause an affect that encompasses the Space must exist in order for any action (motion) to emerge in reaction. Even the required precondition – the medium can encompass the Absolute Space only if driven by external force such as the force of a blast or through self propulsion due to electric and magnetic repulsion that emerges in reaction.’

(There is no fundamental physical force of repulsion because there cannot be a repulsive force rather than repulsion to emerge in reaction. We shall discuss why that is in due course. The electromagnetic radiation is the best example on propulsion by electric and magnetic repulsion. These aspects are further discussed where the subject is more appropriate.)  

The 3^rd Law of motion in space implies that, for something (mass) to influence another thing without their own physical contact there must be a medium between them in space that mediates the force exerted by them. Otherwise, radiation of force by mass generally does not take place and has strict limitations where it may happen (only the quarks may radiate the force of their origin – the strong force and the matter is discussed in the TOE) and is destructive to mass since force equals mass. Thus, the space must be a medium for the motion of matter to take place in reaction’.

Therefore, an electric field alone cannot generate magnetism which requires the electric field to spin and that could only happen in reaction. In that respect, it is quite important for us to understand in here that the above laws on any physical phenomena specifically implies that, nothing in the Universe could act by itself in the first place. Nevertheless, such a situation is never the case since, with the existence of the Universe, the space becomes conditioned with the abundance of particles and thus, a physical medium is present in space providing the basis for reactions of matter to emerge. Motion – fundamentally ‘Spin’ and attraction of matter to each other and therefore, ‘Travel’ are the primary reactions in the Universe because anything of physical composition displays gravitational attractions since been originated through the force gravity; and of course, whatever the action or the subsequent reaction of that action maybe, they take place in the Space.

The ‘Space’ as a whole being the void is obviously eternal and infinite because nothingness cannot have a beginning or an end and therefore, absolute because, the infinite void cannot be conditioned since any kind of conditioning must be of mass and the amount of mass cannot be infinite to condition the infinite space. If the space remains absolute, for reasons that we shall discuss, no action would emerge in reaction and thus, nothing would be possible in absolute space. However, the existence of the Universe conditions the space occupied and the condition (a physical force) may initiate or facilitate motion of whatever substances that may be in space as they are also of a physical force as implied by the second law of motion. Therefore, the condition of the ‘Space’ must be understood and taken into account in the first place in analysing how any kind of motion of a given substance could take place in space especially because; contrary to our understanding in astrophysics or cosmology, three different states of the vacuum or the ‘Space’ exist. We only know of the ‘Space occupied by the Universe’, which we assume to have been created together with the Universe. While that is a terribly wrong notion where anybody referring to a creation of nothingness is nothing but nonsensical or deceitful; this thesis  proves the eternal existence of the infinite empty space where the condition can be defined as an ‘Absolute Vacuum State’ through which no motion of particles and aggregated mass is possible unless a precondition – a physical medium, is established in a finite area of the space and outbound  mass (in the expansion of the Universe or the scattering of mass) is driven either by an external force affecting on them or by self propulsion due to electric and magnetic repulsion in reaction to a medium in space (the abundance of particles becomes a medium in space) as in the case with the Universe; and in the space presently occupied by the Universe where the required precondition also exists due to the very existence of the Universe, which makes the space occupied by the Universe a ‘conditioned vacuum’ with the presence of a medium (gravity) that facilitate motion of mass and massless particles  regardless of their direction of motion as initiated by a force.  

Motion is primarily due to the gravitational attractions and all mass and massless particles are subjected to this attractive force since, except the quantum gravity, they emerged from the concentrated forces of force gravity. However, with this inherent characteristic – ‘attraction’, matter could only aggregate – gather into mass. That is where the electric and magnetic repulsions of matter come to play, in driving the matter outwards in the space. The wave nature of matter facilitate the travel of matter by making waves especially with the electromagnetic force carrier, the photon that emerge to carry all sorts of heat radiation and travel at the speed of light with electric and magnetic repulsions. Therefore, the expansion of the Universe or simply, the scattering of mass in the space could only take place with the electric and magnetic repulsions or else with the force of a blast which, in other words is an external force causing mass and massless particles to travel outwards in space. With the scattering of mass and massless particles the space thus acquired by the Universe becomes bounded due to the abundance of particles encompassing the space occupied by the Universe and conditions with the medium ‘gravity’ that encompasses all of the now bounded space and facilitates motion of mass within and in any direction as initiated by a force – let it be particles or massive bodies of mass.  

Three different states of existence of the space are discussed in this thesis. The great void that we call ‘Space is absolute and infinite and infinite because nothingness is not physical and only something physical could be finite and therefore, the infinite void cannot be encompassed by a medium. Thus, a medium can only encompass a finite area in the infinite absolute space as the case is with the existence of the Universe.

If the Space remains absolute without a medium being present, not only the motion of mass unless forced, but navigation is also not possible because navigation is by reactions of actions. If the space is an absolute vacuum, no action of a spaceship would initiate a reaction and thus, space travel is not possible; just as, if not for the earth’s atmosphere, air travel wouldn’t be possible.

We have earlier established three laws governing any phenomena in the Universe. The fundamental and of course the foremost phenomenon in the Universe is motion. With the third law above, we have set the rules for motion. We shall soon discuss the motion of mass and massless particles governed by these three laws when we discuss the three different vacuum states of the Space.

When the fundamental law for any physical phenomena (reactions) in the Universe is to have two things affecting each other primarily by motion that emerges in reaction due to the presence of a physical force of nature, what Isaac Newton said as “every action has a reaction” is not a law of physics but only a general statement which does not explain the law governing any action in the first place for a ‘reaction’ to emerge as mentioned above. According to the three laws governing motion (introduced above), there could be action that does not initiate any reactions if the space is absolute. For instance, in the infinite absolute vacuum or in a finite absolute  vacuum (please refer to the ‘trilogy of the space’) where a medium  is not present, any object driven by force through that vacuum cannot make any kind of reaction as the moving object is not influencing anything, nor  being influenced or acted upon by anything. Thus, Isaac Newton’s “every action has a reaction” is wrong even as a statement. Newton did not refer to how any action could originate in the vacuum in the first place because; no external action of matter is spontaneous or intrinsic. Thus, his statement only refers to the eventual reactions of actions that have originated in reaction as specified in this thesis by the three laws governing motion in space. Nevertheless, what Newton said was incorrect since there can be actions that do not make reactions in absolute space as mentioned above. If we like to correct Newton’s claim, it must be specifically said that, ‘every action has a reaction where another thing is present to be affected by that action’ or simply, ‘every action within the Universe has a reaction’ because; only within the Space of the Universe which is essentially a medium where two or more things would be involved in initiating action necessarily in reaction for further reactions to emerge; and therefore, when we make a statement as such, the necessity arises for us to understand the laws governing motion which we have already done. Thus, every action must emerge in reaction. However, every action will not initiate a reaction in turn where the space is absolute.  

It is the reactions of two things affecting each other that we call ‘phenomena’ and sometimes as ‘manifestation’.      Therefore, magnetism so-far known as inseparable from the electromagnetic force is essentially a phenomenon that emerges in a process involving both an electric field and a field of gravity, and therefore, not a fundamental force that exists together with the so called electromagnetic force only to emerge by some means as a different feature (face) of the electromagnetic force for us to link magnetism with the so called electromagnetic force. Out of the three forces of nature, force gravity is the fundamental or the underlying force through which the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force emerge as two concentrated forces of gravity. Due to the concentration of force, these two forces are much stronger than the basic force gravity and force concentration is also the fact behind them being electric forces. However, due to the prominence of the EM force in the everyday world, we have almost forgotten the strong force also being an electric force that generates magnetism just as the electromagnetic force. Thus, while magnetism is not a phenomenon that only the so called electromagnetic force could generate for us to name one of the two electric forces as ‘electromagnetic’, what is more important is that we must understand why only an oscillating electric field generates magnetism.

The amazing truth behind that is already exposed with mentioning the force-mass equivalence or to say precisely, ‘gravity=electric forces (concentrated forces) =mass and charge’ squared by the speed of light (F_G=F_E=mqc²) which we are yet to discuss in detail. However, we don’t need to go into much detail in here because, force gravity is the basis of everything else as implies by the above equation. Our quest here was to know why it is only an electric field in motion that could create a magnetic field which has led us in our ignorance of the facts to link electricity and magnetism being different facets of one another.

In discussing the quantum gravity we understood that concentration of the force gravity being the basic process of the emergence and the evolution of the Universe. Due to the phenomenon of the concentrated forces emerging in wave form, there exist only two kinds of particles in the Universe. The first kind is obviously the quantum gravity or the quanta of basic gravity that do not have a wave function and the second kind of particles are the ones that have emerged through the concentrated forces and have inherited a wave form in their emergence. Then we understood that the space of the Universe is a medium and matter has emerged through a physical force of nature and therefore, matter in space is subjected to reactions as a consequence of their origin. In these reactions that are basically motion such as spin and travel, particles that have emerged with a wave form have their force that is within polarised along the spin axis to create two magnetic fields North and South of the spin axis. The neutrino being the quantum gravity has no wave function and therefore the neutrino spin does not create a magnetic moment since magnetism is polarisation of the wave function and that means polarisation of force. The neutrino having no magnetic moment also confirms it being the quantum gravity and that means the basic force that has no wave form. As mentioned earlier, we may compare a neutrino to a tiny gas bubble to understand the state of its force whereas a photon can be compared to a bubble full of hyperactive worms since the photon is of a concentrated force that has taken the wave form due to the enhancement.

When neutrino is the only particle of all particles that has no wave function, the motion of particles with the wave form that we generally call electric fields (without understanding the basic facts of their emergence) generating magnetism in reaction has given us the wrong notion to link magnetism to electricity simply due to our ignorance of the facts. Up until now, we never knew of gravity-electric forces-mass and charge equivalence and therefore, we didn’t know of any other phenomena relating to the matter such as ‘force concentration’, and ‘concentrated forces taking the wave form’ etc to understand the facts behind the emergence of magnetism or even the electric charge for that matter. Thus, all that was obvious to us was charge particles generating magnetism in their spin – generally speaking, in their motion. Thus, without knowing the facts behind the phenomenon, we rushed to link electricity to magnetism. Likewise, without understanding how moving magnetic fields create electric fields, we rushed also to link magnetism to electricity and concluded that, electricity and magnetism as different facets of one another while in reality, they both being different facets of gravity.

(End of the theory of magnetism.)                                                                           top

 ***

Thus, we have fundamental flaws in our understanding of some of the most vital aspects of the Universe. There are no four different fundamental forces in the Universe. There is only one fundamental physical force – ‘Gravity’ that has a distinct characteristic (basically speaking, it is the ability to concentrate and give rise to concentrated forces as entities with enormous power compared to the basic force. It is this enormously concentrated power that is electric and mass and charge are products or manifestations of the force in further concentration) that seemingly exists as two entities. Looking for a Superforce that separated into four distinct forces is a consequence of accepting the Big Bang theory on the Origin of the Universe which, so far remains an unacceptable account of metaphysics rather than physics. Quite clearly, all aspects of the Universe emerging from a so-called primeval atom by creating even the ‘Space’ as suggested by the Belgian catholic priest turned cosmologist Georges Lemaître (1894-1966) are nothing but metaphysical; and therefore, cannot be proven. The ‘expanding Universe’, where everybody start to discuss the credibility of the Big Bang theory is not a fact to prove the Big Bang singularity or its metaphysical foundation, but the fact that the Universe was much smaller in the beginning and the CMB radiation only implies the transition from a radiation dominant earliest era to the present matter dominant era in the evolution of the Universe as the temperature dropped due to the expansion of the Universe. Therefore, the discovery of the CMB radiation only supports the fact that the early Universe was much smaller and was a fireball (hot plasma) and is indeed expanding; but does not support its emergence as an infinitely hot and dense bubble tinier than an atom magically appearing without a source from an inexplicable nowhere to create even its own space, which is absolutely unphysical and in short, a fairytale.

The fact that the Universe is expanding was first formulated by Alexander Friedmann and without doubt, Lemaître built his theory on Friedmann’s expanding Universe model. However, the fact that the Universe is expanding does not suggest or necessarily mean that it started from being smaller than an atomic nucleus. Where everything in the Universe must be physical, no laws of physics could support the density or the volume of a substance to be infinite either way.  What is this energy that could reach infinite density and near zero volume and be infinitely hot by itself without mass being present to generate heat? The Big Bang theorist never explained any of that. Does any other physicist understand any of that to accept the theory being correct? If they do not understand such aspects that relate to physics, the question is, how and why do they accept the Big Bang theory as correct?

Our present understanding of the evolving and expanding Universe is correct only from the time when the Universe was around 300,000 years old; or else, ever since the temperature of the Universe dropped to about 4000° k. Beyond that epoch, only our mathematical extrapolations of the emergence of matter is correct because we have understood certain facts on the emergence of particles with the help of our particle accelerators.  Nevertheless, the ultimate origin of mass still rests on metaphysics according to the Big Bang theory as it implies that, there being an inexplicable and therefore, inconceivable  nothingness without the existence of even the empty Space.  Under such circumstances, the magical appearance of the so-called infinitely hot and dense ‘Primeval Atom’ or the ‘Space Bubble’ which, cannot be explained or understood  without believing in the existence of a grand Creator to be given the credit for the phenomenon, remains a myth. Needless to say, none of that is physics.  ‘Belief’ is a blind aspect in every respect since mere belief is necessary where facts are not evident and therefore, ‘belief’ is not an aspect in physics. Thus, the Big Bang theory which fails to establish its foundation or basic facts at least in a sensible explanation let alone in terms of physics, is a false account, a fairytale on the emergence of the Universe, and we are yet to understand the true origin of the Universe.

If modern astrophysics emerged in the beginning of the 20^th century, it emerged unfortunately with a great misconception. That is the acceptance of the energy-mass equivalence. It is this great misconception that hampers the progress of astrophysics, cosmology and elementary particle physics as it is (E=mc²) also a fundamental element in the Big Bang theory on the more or less accepted origin of the Universe.

While there is no energy in mass, there is nothing called ‘energy’ in physics other than ‘Heat’ and heat is a product of a force or else of a substance. Thus, heat as energy in physics is nothing but the phenomena of processes of mass. There is no other energy in physics. What we have misunderstood as energy is nothing but various forces – fundamental and mechanical. For instance, what we call ‘kinetic energy’ is in fact the kinetic force and we have understood that in discussing the so called relativistic mass.

Apart from heat which is a phenomenon that emerges in a process as a reaction, there is no other energy in physics. Energy is basically an aspect of chemistry. Thus, the so-called ‘Pure Energy’ of the vacuum often referred to in astrophysics is only an abstract idea due to our ignorance on the subject.

Pure energy emerging from the vacuum is a hypothesis that depicts our ignorance as the so-called pure energy is not a material thing that has been observed or that could ever be observed. That means the so-called energy is not a fundamental element of the Universe that must exist in quantum physical form. There is no quantum energy in the Universe. Energy is always a product of a process of a substance. Other than heat, which is of matter, all other energies are especially of molecules and therefore, energy is an aspect of chemistry and not a fundamental aspect that exists in physics. (Electricity, which is generally known as energy is in fact the electric force. ‘Energy’ is a highly misused word in the world.)  In physics, the fundamental aspect that exists is a ‘force’. However, the basic form of the existence of a force is being massless quanta and therefore, the emergence of mass is a secondary aspect.  Thus, heat that emerges primarily in reaction to the motion of mass is a secondary aspect in physics.  Nevertheless, heat plays a vital role in physics.  Even though heat emerges as an entity – a  separate distinct thing that emerges with friction, or with the degeneration and annihilation of mass, heat as the source of energy for nucleosyntheses  is so important in physics so that, without heat the emergence and the evolution of the universe is not possible.  Unfortunately, that vital factor itself has led us to the great misconception – the so called energy-mass equivalence. Thus, the so far most famous formula of all sciences E=mc² stands to this day through a century to our shame; but not anymore because science is evolving.

In analysing why E=mc² is wrong or in other words, why the energy-mass equivalence is wrong, modern astrophysics collapses altogether because; so much depends on what equals mass since, its emergence and evolution and the emergence and the evolution of the universe  means the same. 

Thus, where certain established theories are collapsing with the rejection of the energy-mass equivalence, even an accepted fundamental law of physics – namely the law of ‘conservation of energy’ is also collapsing in our analysis. Therefore, the ‘Theory of Everything’ cannot be explained as a freestanding theory, but must be explained by establishing many a fact that leads to explain them in a series of new theories to eliminate the present misconceptions and misinterpretations in order to understand the theory of everything that explains the  Universe in terms of the existence of mass and forces.

Therefore, 17 new laws of physics and 41 new theories are woven together in this unprecedented grand thesis to unfold the story of the universe in terms of pure physics and that means there are no metaphysical or unphysical elements or else absurd hypotheses in this thesis. Most importantly, for the first time in the publication of theories in any science, all the theories in this thesis are proven with facts. Thus, this thesis is certainly creating history by revolutionising cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics since in each of those fields the physics we practice is fundamentally flawed.  

In the beginning of this thesis I mentioned that there is no energy in mass and interestingly, what is energy is a good question and other than heat radiation there is nothing else called energy in physics. Everything else that we call energy in physics is a force of some sort and that means a force of nature or a mechanical force. Heat only emerges in a physical process and heat as energy is being used up in whatever process it is in as a source of energy.  In that respect, where all energies are products rather than fundamental elements, all energies will be used up in whatever processes they are in.  On the other hand, when all energies are a product of a process, the existence of energy depends on the initial process or the source through which it emerges and will only last as long as the process (of the source) goes on.  Thus, being a product of a process that has a finite life because a process of a substance is a secondary source that is transient, and being used up in its own process of doing the work, energy cannot be conserved. Therefore, the conservation of energy is completely a false law. It is evident with what is known in physics as ‘entropy’, which means the unavailability of heat energy in a system to do the mechanical work.  If conservation of energy is a true law of physics, there cannot be a thing called entropy – the loss of heat energy; and for that matter, there cannot be a loss of any energy but sadly and quite obviously that is not the case and that means our basic physics is terribly wrong and of course shameful since we have failed to understand very straightforward simple facts.

                                                                                                                              top

Conservation of the Fundamental Force/s

Conservation of force is a fact currently accepted but there is a mix-up of force and energy. Force and energy are two different aspects altogether. Nevertheless, our ignorance in physics is such; all the mechanical forces are misunderstood to be energy. However, whether we consider them to be force or energy, mechanical forces such as kinetic force are not truly conservable. On the other hand, there are fundamental and secondary forces of nature but only the fundamental force is truly conserved. The secondary forces of nature are the concentrated forces that have emerged through the fundamental force and therefore, as their identity may fluctuate in the evolution of the Universe, their conservation rest on the ultimate conservation of the fundamental force. Since their existence concerns the emergence, existence and the evolution of the Universe, they and their manifestations as mass and charge are generally conserved. However, a mechanical force like the kinetic force known as kinetic energy is a product of a source just as all other so-called energies and therefore cannot be conserved. Momentum and angular momentum are also phenomena that emerge in reaction and therefore cannot be truly conserved. That is why ‘external force’ and ‘torques’ break their conservation. Thus, these forces are only conserved to some extends under certain conditions. However, any phenomena that need ideal conditions for their conservation cannot be considered as truly conservable properties. In that respect, the law that we have already established implies that, anything that does not exist as a fundamental element of the Universe cannot be conserved; because, everything else emerges from the fundamental element but in a process and that means through a secondary source (a process of the fundamental element) and thus, they are fleeting – have a finite life where, even the source (the process) through which they emerge are nothing but fleeting phenomena of the fundamental feature of the Universe’.

Where the existence of the space and time are eternal because such aspects are non- physical and therefore they are also infinite, the existence of a fundamental element that would give rise to various substances and therefore give rise to a Universe, must also be considered eternal since it is not possible to find its origin since the element is always conserved. Even the idea of there should be an origin – a beginning to the fundamental element is blurry since the element is conservable.

Nevertheless, any physical process that helps the emergence of substances through the fundamental element cannot be considered a permanent or an everlasting process especially due to the nature of the fundamental element which is a force of nature – a bubbly aspect and thus, constantly changing or recurring. Therefore, whatever physical process that emerge from the excited nature of the fundamental force cannot be everlasting and must be transient. Thus, whatever substance or a physical condition that emerge through such a physical process must also be transient. That means all substances and their associated physical conditions must be transient and only the fundamental element is always conserved.

Just as we cannot find a beginning of a circle, we cannot find the beginning of a recurrent series of events and therefore, the ever conservable fundamental element responsible for the emergence of the Universe must be considered existing eternally. Interestingly, the outcome of that is the law governing the emergence of the Universe as follows.

‘The conservation of the fundamental element of the Universe which, also confirms in turn the existence of the space and time being eternal and infinite, necessitates the emergence of the Universe be cyclic.’

The only fundamental feature of the Universe is a ‘Force’ and therefore, only that force is conservable and is conserved naturally and if not, there cannot be a Universe. Heat, the only form of energy in physics only emerges in reaction through a source; that means in a process the mass and massless particles undergo motion according to the laws introduced in this thesis. Any other energy referred to in physics is nothing but imaginary or misconceptions. For instance, the so called kinetic energy is a misconception on the kinetic force. The kinetic force being a secondary force is bound to vanish in time or would be used up in doing the work like all other energies. Thus, instead of any imaginary or abstract energy being equal to mass, it is the fundamental force of the Universe that equals mass. It is the source of the Universe and therefore, it is the source of everything. (Please refer to the theory of everything.) This thesis will establish the facts on that fundamental force being ‘Gravity’. Thus, the new formula ‘Force gravity=electric forces=mass and charge squared by the speed of light’ (F_G=F_E=mqc²) published in this thesis will revolutionise astrophysics forever.  We shall get to that by clearing our path.

If a fundamental law of physics has to be patched up in whatever manner in its application and acceptance as we have done with ‘conservation of energy’, that law is false. Apart from that, whether the ‘law of conservation of energy’ is true or false, that is secondary to the utmost question in that respect and that is ‘what is the so-called energy in physics that equals mass’ as believed? We must know what that energy is before discussing its conservation. We cannot discuss the conservation of anything imaginary and inexplicable.

Energy doesn’t mean a particular thing. There are various energies. In chemistry we can identify the kinds of energies. Likewise, we should be able to identify the kinds of energies we are referring to in physics. If we cannot identify the kind of energy that turns into mass, then we are referring to something we know nothing about and basically it is something imaginary. That means by doing so we are linking metaphysics to physics with sheer ignorance or else, perhaps with purposeful deceit with devious motivations. There are no other reasons in trying to establish what is not true. It is even shameful since we do not understand what we are referring to as energy.

Heat energy obviously does not turn to mass. Heat is only a phenomenon that can only be evident in mass. That means mass is the source of heat.  All other energies we have been referring to in physics are nothing but natural or mechanical forces. So, what is the energy that turns to mass? What exactly do we refer to as ‘The Pure Energy of the Vacuum’? Nobody has ever explained or at least have any idea of what they call ‘pure energy’. Is there any sort of not so pure energy as well for us to refer to something as ‘pure energy’? What is this mysterious and invisible energy that does not exist in material form but turns to mass by coming from nowhere? In accepting a tiny bubble of enormous energy density appearing from ‘Nowhere’ to create a Universe weighing over 10⁵⁰ tons of mass, there is no doubt that, physicists were quite confident of a bit of  that magical energy still appearing from the so-called ‘Nowhere’ so that particle interactions are ongoing. When such is our astrophysics, of course, we need a theory of everything to get onto the right path for our progress.

Could anything exist in the Universe without that thing initially being a particle of mass or a massless particle – strictly speaking that means in quantum physical form? If so, we are into metaphysics rather than physics. Thus, where there is nothing called the ‘quantum energy’; the unobserved and thus, the unidentified and therefore, inexplicable and never understood and ever inconceivable ‘pure energy’ or simply the ‘energy’ that equals mass referred to in physics is something hypothetical. In plain language, that means something imaginary. Therefore, the famous formula E=mc² is physics based on metaphysics and therefore, it is the most famous wrong formula of any science. So is the Big Bang theory that gives a fairytale account on the emergence of the Universe together with its own Space, without explaining within what the space was created.

In understanding the quantum gravity and the electric forces, we understood the role of gravity as the fundamental element of the Universe that gives rise to everything else that makes the Universe. Thus, the Universe emerging through a single element requires that element to be conservable in order for the emergence and the evolution of the Universe and due to that very requirement, the fundamental element through which the Universe emerge being conservable, where all substances that emerge through the fundamental element is transient, the emergence and the destruction of all substances becomes a recurrent process and that basically means the emergence of the Universe is necessarily cyclic.

When the emergence of the Universe is cyclic, the conservation of the concentrated forces or what we called the secondary forces of nature or the electric forces also becomes necessary because, a cyclic Universe must collapse upon itself and re-emerge from the resulting fireball. Although it is quit clear that everything emerge from a single element, the so called grand Supersymmetry of everything becoming the fundamental element once again is only theoretical where the emergence of the Universe is cyclic. Thus, even the concentrated forces are conserved and due to their conservation they have acquired the status of being fundamental forces although in reality they are entities of the fundamental force.

                                                     *

 (The end of theory)                                                                                         top

Let us now analyse the so-called creation of the Space for the Universe by the ‘Tiny Bubble’ that said to have no outside to it and exploded to become an immense bubble to house billions of galaxies studded with billions of stars in them or in other words, to be a sphere as big as billions of light years across at present and still expanding despite there is nothing called ‘outside’ to the Universe according to the very theory. If Space did not exist before the Big Bang, what was in place of the nothingness – the Void – is a question unanswerable because; the great unbounded void is not a property by itself to vanish or to contract and expand and therefore, that aspect of the Big Bang theory is not physics but metaphysics and in fact,  totally nonsensical. We may find certain properties in Space but that doesn’t mean the Space by itself is a property. Whatever properties we find in Space belong to the Universe. Unfortunately, so far ‘Space’ meant only the Space within the Universe ever since the Christian theologian Saint Augustine said in the 5^th century AD that, “Time is a property of the Universe that God created”, which led us to the ‘Space-time’ and the expanding ‘elastic Space’ concepts in our ignorance or to uphold Saint Augustine’s cosmology since the Universe is expanding instead of the space.

Thus, needless to say that, every aspect of the Big Bang theory is based on metaphysics.  When there was no Space for anything to take place, the mysterious appearance of the so-called tiny Space bubble without its origin explained by the theorist so far remains ever inexplicable by any physicist. On the other hand, since the exploding bubble created Space and the Universe within, it is said that there is no outside to the Universe. None of that relate to physics but to metaphysics and to the occult. We don’t need to know any physics to understand most things in nature.  We have an intuitive mind which is brilliant if developed properly.  But in here, nobody needs a great intuition or wisdom either to understand that a bubble, whatever it may be, should not only have an inside, but an outside as well.  That is an undeniable aspect in physics or anything physical which, one would understand without knowing any laws of physics. If that is one drawback for the Big Bang theory, the appearance of the so-called bubble without a conceivable origin is magical. So is the mysterious energy that turned into mass.  Thus, the entire base of the big bang theory is nothing but a fairytale. Interestingly, we have accepted that to be the origin of the Universe; perhaps because, without the facts on any of its aspects explained, it imposes the existence of a grand Creator. If that was intended by Georges Lemaître – the clergyman turned physicist who apparently extrapolated the Big Bang theory by combining Saint Augustine’s 1500 year old ‘Space-time’ concept together with E=mc² and the elastic, curved Space-time suggested by the theory of general relativity to fit into Alexander Friedmann’s expanding Universe model, is not a matter within the scoop of this thesis.   

Nevertheless, unless we prove why the Big Bang theory is wrong we cannot put forward a new theory on the origin of the Universe because, the Big Bang theory has been accepted as correct for more than half a century and therefore, the sheer publication of a new theory on the origin of the Universe wouldn’t prove the existing theory wrong rather than remaining just another idea on the matter since, those who have accepted the Big Bang theory wouldn’t know why it is wrong. Isn’t it the very reason for the acceptance of the Big Bang theory? Of course not. Except Alexander Friedmann’s original idea of the expanding Universe on which the Big Bang theory was built, all its other fundamental aspects are metaphysical and they quite clearly suggest the existence of a Grand Creator responsible for the emergence of the Universe which fulfills a strong desire of  almost the entire mankind, and that is ‘to be led’. Thus, obviously there is a strong resistance to find why the Big Bang theory is wrong. Instead, many a book has been written to impress the reader why the theory is correct. If the theory is correct, why such an enormous ongoing effort is necessary to establish its correctness even after eighty years of its publication? Unfortunately for the students or any other reader, the authors of such books only discuss the events after the Big Bang to prove the theory being correct and avoid discussing the fundamental aspects of the Big Bang theory rather than perhaps finally quoting Saint Augustine’s rude dismissal to answer an unanswerable question or themselves literally asking the reader not to ask unanswerable questions. Thus, if not believe in the existence of a grand creator responsible for the emergence of the Universe, one must at least believe that the Universe is extraordinary in order to accept the Big Bang theory. Of course, the Universe is extraordinary to the ignorant, and in most people’s case, that ignorance is a mistake by believing in those who said so. This thesis rectifies their mistake.

Thus, the Big Bang theory still remains to be proven; yet, accepted as correct only due to a little hitch in the human intelligence. When the case with the Big Bang theory is such, unless its falsity is proven beyond any doubt, there is no point in suggesting the true origin of the Universe especially because, those who believe in the Big Bang theory are not prepared to accept the origin of the Universe to be otherwise. And for that matter, not only the so called ‘primeval atom’ or the tiny bubble of infinite energy that has no origin, but also the ‘inflation theory’ that supports the bubble’s explosion expanding the Universe astronomically faster than the speed of light in a fraction of a second are suggestions of sheer ignorance in physics wrapped up in mathematics if we are referring to physics.  Before we go ahead to prove why that is, it must be said that it is done without prejudice for the progress of astrophysics and cosmology and also for the progress of the mankind since our ignorance has proved to be unbelievably disastrous especially in recent times. Let us let the grand creator himself (if there is one) prove his existence rather than we try to prove his existence with our useless two pence worth on the matter because, we could speak of him only in hallucination and not with any sense at all as we are chasing after somebody’s dream.

‘A footnote’

(Those who want more support to leave astrophysics alone without adulterating with metaphysics and the occult, must please wait for the publication of a book (The Outrage and the Idyll) by this author written for the total enlightenment of the mankind by solving ‘the great riddle of life’ and to introduce a new political system based on autonomy for the spontaneous establishment of everlasting peace. May this grand thesis be the testimony on that claim?)

Physics is the science for understanding and explaining any physical phenomena. Therefore, the origin of the ‘Tiny Bubble’ or the primeval atom must be established for us to consider it as a theory on the origin of the Universe.  Unfortunately, and surprisingly, we have accepted the magical appearance of the tiny bubble without its origin explained by the theorist or at least eventually by any other physicist or cosmologist who support that hypothesis; and accepting something that its author cannot explain in the first place makes no sense and therefore, a shame if we are into physics.    

On the other hand, the theory of inflation formulated to further explain how the Big Bang expanded the Universe to be about a light year apart in a fraction of a micro second soon after the initial explosion is not referring to true physics. The inflation theory suggests that, the Universe doubled in size every 10^-34 seconds, and after 100 doublings, which altogether lasted only 10^-32 second, the Universe was inflated to the size of our Solar System; that means around one light year across.

At the speed of approx: 300,000 km per second light travels about 9.5 Trillion km in a year. So, if we assume our Solar System to be 10 Trillion km from one end to the other, and keep a tiny bubble smaller than an atom in the dead centre of our Solar System, that bubble has to expand 5 Trillion km in any direction in a fraction of a second as short as 10^-32 second to become as big as our Solar System. That means travelling 5 Trillion km in 10^-32 seconds, or simply astronomically faster than the speed of light. This is where the inflation theory is wrong because, while the possibility of that speed and the correctness of its cause remain to be proven, in reality, if the early Universe expanded at such an enormous speed at any given time even for a fraction of a second, the simple and obvious laws of physics imply that there wouldn’t be a Universe today. That is because, even if we assume that, such an awesome speed of expansion is possible, the Universe did not emerge in its own space cocoon as the Big Bang theory implies, to be intact as a whole; but emerged in the eternal infinite space which is absolute and therefore, if the expansion speed of the Universe exceeds the speed of light at which all waves travel in keeping the Universe bound together, the Universe will be shattered by expanding over the speed of light and the fragments would be lost in the infinite  space travelling  forever at the amazing speed suggested by the inflation theory since the infinite space is absolute and thus, there is no stopping or slowing down for anything travelling in the absolute space even at the speed we would drive a car unless matter is bounded by some means. (Please refer to the theories on the trilogy of space and how the gravitational attractions of mass propagate in space for further clarification on the rejection of the inflation theory and the big bang.)

Since the misconceptions established by the Big Bang theory with the Universe emerging from nothing have gone too far in pushing us to believe in the magical appearance of some unobservable kind of pure energy from the vacuum even in particle physics, the most vital law that we must understand in physics is:

‘Nothing could ever emerge from nothing’

That is because; all things physical must emerge from a property. The Space is nothingness – the void, and nothingness is not a property. Whatever properties we may find in Space is the Universe as a whole. The Space has nothing to do with the Universe. When every action must emerge in reaction is a fundamental law in physics, all physical phenomena must emerge in reaction. Therefore, just as the fish need water to swim and the birds need air to fly, the Universe must establish a medium to link or to bind its mass together to be as a whole in Space for its existence and evolution for which, motion of mass is necessary. We shall discuss this great fact in due course to understand why mass need to be within a medium in order to move just as fish or birds do, and what that medium is. However, it must be said that, it is not the bygone day hypothetical ether that is referred to in here as a medium in space. The idea of the ether as a medium in space that facilitates the motion of mass and massless particles was quite cleaver but unfortunately, no physicist could understand what they thought as the ether really was. Without knowing the facts, the experiments to find the existence of the ether failed. If they knew the facts, nobody would have called it ‘ether’ or dropped the idea of a medium permeating the space. After rejecting the idea of the ether, it was assumed that the electromagnetic radiation can travel by itself in the vacuum. Interestingly, that assumption did not base on reason but simply because it is nevertheless happening. We did not understand how exactly magnetism emerges in reaction and therefore, believed in the spontaneous travel of the photon with electric and magnetic properties. The laws of motion in space published in this thesis explain the facts behind that phenomenon.

With what we have analysed so far, we don’t find any sense in the basis of the Big Bang theory. It doesn’t suggest anything to do with physics; and therefore, it is a false account on the origin of the Universe. If we are honest at lease to ourselves, we must set aside our personal interests in finding evidence in physics on the existence of a grand creator and accept the fact that the Big Bang theory is an absurd hypothesis on the origin of the Universe. Thus, there is a great void in astrophysics and cosmology without the Origin of the Universe known. Let us fill that void with the true Origin of the Universe for the progress of astrophysics.  The true Origin of the Universe will certainly yell whether the Universe was created or not. Thus, we don’t have to disgrace the magnificent human brain that took no less than 500 million years to evolve into the present state (an almighty god would have done it in a flash, what a shame for natural selection that took so long?), by trying to deceive ourselves by twisting facts to suit our interests. If we must understand the truth, we must probe with an open mind and be prepared to accept the facts. That is the best ‘Theory of Everything’ for the entire mankind, let alone for the physicists. So, let us probe with an open mind. With an open mind, we shall not fail to understand the truth in anything, let alone in physics.

The empty Space is ‘Nothingness’ and that nothingness is infinite (because to stop the infinite nothingness, there should be something which is beyond the wildest imagination of anybody, let alone any other aspects of its existence) just as nothingness cannot have a beginning or an end. Therefore, the existence of the nothingness that we call the ‘Space’ or the ‘Void’ is eternal and limitless. The empty space being infinite nothingness cannot be created. ‘Creation’ essentially refers to something physical and for that matter; the ‘Space’ is not a property although we find certain properties in space. However, that is a different aspect relative to the existence of the Universe and physics is to deal with that aspect.

In our day to day practical experience of Space of course, we can create space, but only in some respect, and that is by moving something aside or by expanding the boundaries of a given area. That means we can create space within something or in some place, provided we could move or remove what is in it, or by moving away its boundaries and for that, there should be space around such boundaries. Anybody can understand such simple physics. The undeniable reality behind that bit of simple physics is the fact that, to create space, either we may have to remove something that is there into another place or move that thing away from its position or else, expand the boundaries of the enclosure; and for that, again we must find space around the boundaries. Now, with that simple bit of physics we have found an undeniable principle in physics in relation to ‘Creating Space’. Whether you are trying to create more space for you on planet earth or the Universe trying to find more space to expand, the same principle applies. Thus, the Universe must have space outside its perimeter into which to expand. Therefore, the Universe having no space outside is false. On the other hand, if the Universe emerged by creating its own Space at the same time, then the Space is created within something just as we may create a vacuum within something and in that case, just as our artificial vacuum is within an enclosure, the Space created with the Universe must be within an enclosure. Therefore, the Universe having no outside is false again and this time the Universe being inside a cocoon is even more amazing if not ridiculous than having an inexplicable no outside.

The Universe emerged in the eternal and infinite Space and the perimeter of the Universe is marked by the cosmic microwave background radiation that resulted from the primordial fireball. The Universe was much smaller in the beginning. We shall understand why that was when we discuss the origin of the Universe. The Universe is expanding in the absolute space due to the nature of matter. If the Universe emerged around 15 billion years ago, now the Space acquired by the Universe should be a huge sphere of 30 billion light years across since the rate of expansion is about the speed of light. Nevertheless, that huge sphere only registers a tiny spec in the infinite Space. Before we take on to analysing the three distinct states of the Space, let us have a brief look at another aspect of the Big Bang theory.

If the space bubble was infinitely hot as said, according to known laws of physics there should be at least one electron to generate that heat and at least one photon to carry that heat must be present since the bubble was said to be smaller than an atom. However, that means matter was already present within the bubble even before its explosion which we call the Big Bang that supposed to have created matter. Therefore, despite the explained ultra miniature size of the bubble, if the bubble was infinitely hot or just tepid, that suggests the presence of matter within the bubble, as heat is primarily generated by motion of mass and thus, since mass was already present the emergence of the Universe must be cyclic – that means the Universe reemerging after the collapse of a previous Universe.  If so, the Universe did not emerge from a tiny bubble, or as a tiny bubble to begin with, but as a huge fireball that resulted in the inward collapse of the previous Universe and all that happened somewhere in the eternal and limitless space, and time was also flowing eternally as time is a non-physical aspect which flows independent of whether there is anything or nothing in the eternal infinite space. Unlike we ever had any idea, time is of two facets and the other face of time is associated with motion, in becoming a factor. We shall discuss time in a new theory to understand time for the first time.  Thus, the origin of the Universe neither created the ‘Space’, nor initiated the flow of ‘Time’ which is eternal as a non-physical free flowing aspect. That means the combination or the linking of ‘Space-time’ is also wrong since the space is not a cocoon that was created. The so called space-time could only be meaningful if the space was created with the Universe within it but such a hypothesis is nothing but a disgrace to human intelligence let alone considering being physics.

Time is not a dimension of space which is infinite and infinity has no boundaries and therefore, infinite space is without dimensions. However, time becomes a dimension of the expanding Universe and what makes the non-physical time that flows independent of any physical phenomena, a physical factor and a dimension of the Universe is interesting physics. It is the physical phenomenon the speed of motion that makes the non-physical time a physical factor and therefore, ‘speed-time’ is the fourth dimension of the expanding Universe. Please refer to the theory of time to clarify ‘speed-time’ further.

We may find certain properties in space especially due to the existence of the Universe.  However, the ‘space’ whether completely empty or not, is not a property by itself to obey any laws of physics as suggested by the general theory of relativity without explaining what the property referred to as space is. The eccentricity or the precession of the orbit of the planet Mercury or else, the bending of light near massive bodies is not evidence on the correctness of the general relativity and they being misinterpretations of facts are proven in this thesis. Such an idea of the space being a property is nothing but a great misconception due to our ignorance or else purposefully twisting facts to suit the theory. Interestingly but unfortunately, the theorist of the general relativity has openly advocated the changing of facts to fit the theory if the facts doesn’t fit the theory.  Thus, without relying on anybody’s established genius to accept whatever he says, let us find the facts ourselves as we go, to discard these great misconceptions that mar the progress of cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics.

                                                                                                                                         top

‘Space’ – The Great Trilogy of the Vacuum

Space generally means the void, the nothingness or the vacuum. However, space can be of different conditions and the condition or the state of the space counts in physics because all physical phenomena take place in space. Thus, when apparently there is more than one type of space, we have to define the space according to the state of the space and we find three different states of the space – the vacuum.

1) The Infinite Absolute Vacuum – is absolute Space or the true vacuum since being the nothingness, the eternal boundless void that cannot be encompassed by anything physical since everything physical is finite in every respect.

2) The Finite Conditioned Vacuum – is the finite Space of the Universe, a bounded area in the infinite absolute vacuum occupied by scattered mass and filled with a medium to facilitate the motion of mass; thus, an area of the eternal infinite Space where a general physical condition is established by the Universe. 

3) The Finite and Acute Absolute Vacuum – is a finite spherical area of true vacuum (absolute space) made somewhat an acute vacuum by certain physical phenomena surrounding it and created within the conditioned Space of the Universe; and it is the true definition of ‘Black Hole’ where wave propagation is not possible due to the acute vacuum state is in reverse order. That means the great magnetic ring around the vacuum is sucking everything within the vacuum and thus, wave propagation into the vacuum is not possible.

The above three definitions as a whole is the true definition of ‘Space’ for the first time in cosmology and astrophysics. ‘Space’ as we generally call the void is boundless because the void means nothingness and there cannot be an end to that nothingness. Limits are for anything physical and thus, nothingness is boundless. Nevertheless, in that infinite expanse of the void, there may be areas where mass exist and the existence of our Universe is the best example on that. However, the existence of our Universe or for that matter, even the existence of multiple Universes if that is the case, does not affect the basic state of the infinite void otherwise being an absolute vacuum since there is no general condition within the great void. The emergence and the existence of a Universe on the other hand change the state of the area of the infinite absolute vacuum occupied by the Universe into an area of a conditioned vacuum due to certain phenomena of its mass. So far, in whatever field of physics when we said ‘Space’ we only referred to this conditioned and finite vacuum, yet not knowing it is conditioned. We never had any idea of the existence of space or the vacuum in a different state. That is because; in our ignorance we have been quite wrong in defining the greatest evidence that exists for us to understand the different states of the space. That great invaluable evidence is what we call the black hole. They aren’t powerful gravitational wells as we have defined.  A black hole is a finite area of absolute vacuum within the conditioned vacuum of the Universe. Nevertheless, since created within the conditioned vacuum of the Universe, a black hole is in fact not merely an absolute vacuum but an acute vacuum where a medium cannot be established within, due to the phenomena governing their origination and existence. Let us now explore these amazing discoveries. 

The Infinite Absolute Vacuum

The Space being nothingness is limitless and therefore, primarily and necessarily an absolute vacuum since anything physical is finite in every respect and therefore cannot encompass the boundless void and that means the infinite vacuum is unconditioned. However, the emergence of a Universe in that absolute space changes the absolute state of the space in a given area covered by the Universe. Thus, the ‘Absolute Vacuum’ or the ‘Absolute Space’ is the boundless void outside the Universe. Why that void is boundless is because it is ‘Nothingness’; and that nothingness or the void must necessarily be infinite. It is infinite because, there cannot be any boundaries to an unthinkably immense void, just as the limitless void or the nothingness cannot have a beginning or an end.  The existence of the infinite nothingness that defined herein as the ‘Infinite Absolute Vacuum’ is the absolute or true Space without a general condition within and that boundless void being nothingness is essentially eternal. What is eternal is not created. Especially, the ‘Space’ being infinite nothingness, cannot be created. ‘Creation’ essentially refers to something physical and for that matter; the ‘Space’ or the nothingness is not a property and therefore cannot be created and not to mention that referring to or linking creation to infinite nothingness has no sense.  Nevertheless, as we have discussed earlier, finite vacuums within mass can be created. Since such finite vacuums are made by physical means either by nature in the interstellar medium or by us in the world, we can say that they are created. While creating a finite vacuum is a simple task for us, although we didn’t do it in this case, there exists finite vacuums within the Universe and we shall eventually get to discuss their emergence, evolution and the ultimate fate.        

The Universe emerges in the eternal and infinite absolute vacuum and makes the finite area occupied by it a conditioned vacuum by means of establishing a physical medium within. A physical medium that mediates the force exerted by mass is necessary to encompass the finite space occupied by the Universe to hold the Universe together apart from other requirements since a force of nature generally does not radiate from matter and we shall discuss this vital aspect in due course. So far when we referred to ‘Space’, we essentially referred to this conditioned area of space occupied by the Universe simply because of accepting the emergence of the Universe creating the space as well. Thus, we did not accept that there being space outside the Universe or simply, the Universe having an outside or else the space being infinite. Nevertheless, at the same time we have accepted the fact that the Universe is expanding despite having no outside to the Universe.  Such mind boggling inexplicable aspects that did not relate to physics are now bygone day absurd hypotheses.

Being infinite, the absolute vacuum has no dimensions – measurements of the size.  We may give some dimensions only to an area of the infinite Space where matter is present, and in that case, such dimensions that we may loosely call ‘the dimensions of Space’ are strictly of the area or the sphere of bounded space occupied by the Universe that exists in the incomparable and inconceivable endless expanse of absolute space.  In short and strictly speaking, such dimensions are of the Universe and not of the space because, despite the existence of the Universe, the space as a whole remains infinite and of course absolute. The definition of the area of space occupied by the Universe being ‘conditioned’ doesn’t mean that the Universe has truly conditioned the space it occupies. Being nothingness, space remains absolute because, nothingness cannot be dealt with. (We shall clarify that in the next paragraph.) Since nothingness cannot be dealt with, nothingness or the space is not a property to be dynamic as suggested by the general theory of relativity. Space, the void is a non-physical aspect. In fact, rather than the space being dynamic, it is the human ignorance that is dynamic and that means characterised by the force of personality and ambition, and that is an amply proven fact all over the world. With such dynamics we shouldn’t twist the facts to suit our theories or go ahead to invent facts to suite our theories. We must first find the facts to build our theories on them for the advancement of physics.     

Instead of conditioning the space which cannot be done since the space is nothing physical, what the Universe does is establishing a physical condition in space which becomes a medium that encompasses all of space of the Universe and that is a totally different aspect which is a part of the Universe. Thus, the space basically remains infinite and absolute despite the existence of the Universe. Nevertheless, with a physical condition permeating, the space of the Universe is practically a medium initiating and/or facilitating physical phenomena. It is due to this fact and that means the Universe establishing a physical medium in its space that, there could be black holes in that medium. The black holes simply mean holes in the medium that pervades the space and they expose the absolute space since, as mentioned earlier, space is basically absolute despite the existence of the Universe. These spherical hollows of absolute space that we call black holes or intense gravitational wells in our ignorance prove that the space is not dynamic or cannot be dealt with since the void is nothing physical. Nevertheless, black holes appear to be dynamic since being dark to begin with and that is because black holes are not merely absolute vacuums but also acute vacuums due to the physical phenomena governing their emergence and existence. We shall expose the deceptive phenomena of the black holes in this trilogy of space.

Our Universe with a huge perimeter that spans many billion light-years (around 30) across, may register only a tiny spec in the endless Space – the ‘Infinite Absolute Vacuum’. That tiny spec in the infinite space is four dimensional. When anything physical is essentially three dimensional we shall discuss why the Universe is four dimensional and what the fourth dimension is when we discuss the finite and conditioned space of the Universe.

When we understand the true origin of our Universe, we will know that it is feasible for us the think that there could be other Universes in that infinite void because, there is no reason why there cannot be other Universes just as ours was possible, and at the same time, there is no reason why ours couldn’t be the only Universe. However, that matter will remain inconceivable forever because, we wouldn’t ever have a clue in that respect for the mind to travel in exploring the facts unless just as our Universe is expanding another expanding Universe collides with ours. While in that case we may repent on our interest in knowing such facts as it could be disastrous, we could make use of this thought of the possible existence of other Universes in the great void to understand our position and the condition of the great unbounded void. Unlike the interstellar Space, the infinite vacuum outside the Universe is absolute Space – pure without any matter; thus, without a medium since, a medium is of particles and therefore, where no medium is present, the space outside the Universe is a true vacuum even if studded with other Universes at random because it is only the finite sphere of space occupied by a Universe that can be conditioned by a Universe.

How do we know the Infinite Vacuum to be in such a pure state? Especially, if there are many Universes, why the infinite vacuum is not filled with the gravitational attractions of the Universes just as the presence of mass does in our interstellar or intergalactic space? In order to understand these facts of the infinite absolute vacuum, we must understand how an area of the infinite vacuum becomes bounded or circumscribed to be different within with the emergence of a Universe, or simply, with the emergence of mass, and how wave propagation takes place in space.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                    top

How Waves propagate in Space

The light carrying particle photon is known to be travelling in the vacuum at the speed of approximately 300,000 km per second and it is also the quantum of the electromagnetic force. If we place a single photon in the infinite absolute space, what would happen? Will the photon travel at the above mentioned speed or even at a lesser speed? If not to the sensible logical understanding, according to the laws of physics on motion in space introduced in this thesis, the answer is ‘No’. The photon wouldn’t move at all and that means the photon wouldn’t even spin let alone travelling at any speed for that matter. That is because, even if the electric force within the photon is similar to some sort of self turning propellers or like a jet engine for that matter, the photon cannot move in absolute space because there is nothing in the absolute space to respond to the actions of the photon’s propellers or the jet engine or to any actions of the photon itself if that is assumed to be possible.   

Now, what would happen if we place another photon in the absolute space? If we place the second photon close enough to be touching the first photon, both will be attracted to each other with their gravitational attractions and due to the bubbly nature of their force they will start spinning in reaction to each other’s force. But if we place the second photon even a millimetre apart, they will stay apart and motionless since the space between them is absolute – unconditioned without a medium being present to link their gravitational attractions together. Since the photon (or whatever particle except the quark) itself does not emit a particle to carry its force away (radiate beyond the photon), there should be a medium between the two photons to link their gravitational attractions together or else, the abundance of photons in a finite area of space should be great enough so that the photons are physically touching each other for them to respond to each other’s presence with the force exerted by them. In that respect the wave nature of the force does not reach (radiate) beyond 10^-15 inches or so from the surface of the photon and that is why their abundance to be great enough for them to be physically touching.

Before we proceed any further with the above example or thought experiment, it must be mentioned that, our present acceptance of the photon as the energy quantum and being attracted to gravity due to the very reason is a wrong notion. While the photon or nothing else is of the mythical energy, not only mass but the massless particles are of gravity (concentrated gravity) and is proven with evidence in this thesis. The second law governing motion of matter already established in this thesis implies the fact that matter must emerge from a force of nature to inherit the characteristics of that force in order to interact with each other since only a force could counter or attract a force.

That law implies the fact that, matter that emerged through a force of nature must display the characteristics of that force. Thus, if the photon is attracted to gravity that means despite being the electric force carrier, the photon also displays the characteristics of force gravity. The reason for that is the fact that the electric forces emerging through gravity. In other words, the electric force being a gravitational phenomenon is based on gravity. (Please refer to the theory on the electric forces and the charge for clarification on this matter.) Therefore, where linking magnetism to electricity was a mistake, the true definition of the photon is the ‘Electrogravitational Force Carrier’. However, such a change would only make matters too complicated rather than rectifying an error. On the other hand, although there is no force that is electromagnetic, electromagnetism is a true phenomenon that emerges in reaction and due to the abundance of the photon the phenomenon is prominent with the EM force and therefore, we can forget a little hitch in the history? Interestingly, due to its abundance in the Universe and the role it plays (which we shall discuss), the photon is good enough even to be called the ‘quantum gravity’; but the photon carries a concentrated force of gravity instead of the basic force gravity the quantum gravity should carry.

Now, if we get back to our thought experiment and place not just two but a million or a few millions of photons touching each other in the absolute space the result would be an amazing phenomenon with their spinning and travel. However, if we place the millions of photons apart from each other they will stay apart and motionless as the space between them is absolute; and if we place them touching each other, they become a physical medium in space for themselves due to the mediation of their own force by them and will spin and travel in reaction to one another as a medium causing an affect, as implied by the laws of motion in space.  

No force travels like the mind without being linked with particles that carry the force to travel as a wave, and emission of force carriers is the true radiation of force by a body but there is no such radiation of force in the Universe other than a special case with the strong nuclear force which we shall discuss later. The forces of nature are carried by quanta and therefore, while there is no necessity for a force to radiate and when that means emitting force carriers, it is not possible since force carriers are already in quantum state. That is why a physical medium encompassing all of space occupied by the Universe must be present in space to mediate the force exerted by mass in order to govern the large scale structure of the Universe and that is apart from other requirements such as initiating or facilitating various physical phenomena in the Universe.

Thus, the laws of physics governing motion in absolute space require a physical medium that causes an affect on matter in space to be present which could necessarily mediate the fundamental force exerted by matter and massive bodies, in holding the Universe together. That fundamental force is gravity through which everything else has emerged and thus, they exert the force gravity. Thus, the medium in space which is basically the abundance of matter that would encompass all of space occupied by the Universe, mediating the gravitational attractions exerted by matter and massive bodies as a medium that initiates or facilitates motion in space and holding the Universe together at the same time.

The foremost reaction of this encounter of matter and the medium is the ‘Spin’ of matter including the particles of the medium. Spin is the foremost and of course, the primary motion in the Universe. It is the ‘spin’ that really moulds the Universe. It is unfortunate that we couldn’t understand this fundamental aspect of the Universe, let alone understanding any other aspect deriving through it. Please refer to the ‘Spin’ theory to understand how and why, matter spin. 

As we have discussed in detail, the space being nothingness is eternal, infinite and absolute. Unlike a finite area being filled with a medium, infinity cannot be filled with a medium no matter how many Universes are in the infinite vacuum simply due to the fact that, infinity is boundless. We have discussed why matter themselves cannot travel in absolute space and now we know that every action must emerge in reaction. On the other hand, a vital law implies the fact that, everything physical is finite in every respect. Therefore, the infinite space outside of the Universe always remains absolute even if studded with numerous Universes.    

                                                                                                                                  top

The Finite Conditioned Vacuum

A Universe emerges in the eternal and infinite absolute Space and by spreading mass and massless particles around as it expands, bounds an area of the absolute Space with greatly abundant particles of mass and massless particles. Therefore, within the perimeter of the Universe, the acquired Space is no longer absolute or a true vacuum. ‘Gravity’, the medium that encompasses all of Space within the Universe is the necessary prerequisite required by the laws of motion for all kinds of motion to take place in the Space acquired by the Universe. The Space acquired or occupied by the Universe is finite only in the sense of a boundary marked by the cosmic microwave background radiation of the primeval fireball and therefore, that boundary stretches further into the infinite vacuum in acquiring more Space as the Universe keeps expanding.

Thus, what we define as the ‘finite conditioned vacuum’ is the space occupied by the Universe in the infinite absolute space. We have already discussed the fact that the space being nothingness or the void, is necessarily eternal and infinite and therefore absolute. The Universe emerged in the infinite absolute space and has established a general condition with its fundamental force within the finite area of the space it occupies. We define this condition in space as a medium in space that changes the absolute state of the infinite space into a conditioned state within the finite area occupies by the Universe at any given time as the Universe expands. However, as mentioned earlier when we discussed the infinite absolute space, the conditioned state of the finite space of the Universe doesn’t mean that the Universe has changed the state of the absolute space in a given area occupied by it rather than establishing a condition – a physical medium in the absolute space where it is expanding by means of scattering its mass and massless quanta. Thus, despite the existence of the Universe, the space basically remains absolute as nothingness cannot be dealt with. Nevertheless, generally speaking, the finite area of space occupied by the Universe is a conditioned vacuum since a medium – gravity – encompasses all of that finite space which, we call the ‘Space of the Universe’ and its conditioned state is what counts on physical phenomena.

Although we are yet to discuss the origin of the Universe, it is not necessary for us to know how exactly the Universe emerged to understand the different state of the Space of the Universe compared to the infinite absolute vacuum. We live in Space. Our world is just another heavenly body in space. Therefore, let us begin with understanding the space around us. The Space around us is part of the unbounded void that we have discussed in the previous theory. Fortunately for us, the Space immediately around us is not absolute but filled with certain properties that support life. They are mass of gasses that make the atmosphere around the earth and there are the earth’s gravitational attractions and various heat radiations that include visible light. All these are particles that propagate as waves – except gravitational attractions which, are not waves despite some claims supporting the hypothesis. (We shall discuss that soon.)  If the earth remains without any of those mass surrounding it, then the Space around the earth becomes absolute – a true vacuum and needless to say, life on earth wouldn’t be possible. The phenomena surrounding the earth cannot be unique in the Universe where the number of stars that, in their emergence could give rise to planetary systems is astronomical and among them planets that could give rise to and support life cannot be scarce.  Therefore, there must be a basis in the space of the Universe for such phenomena that surround the earth. We must understand what that basis is.  If the gravitational attractions of the earth hold the atmosphere that surrounds the earth we must understand how it happens since gravity being an attractive force cannot radiate beyond the earth and mass doesn’t radiate a force for that matter as we have discussed earlier. The fact behind the phenomenon of the earth’s gravitational attractions spreading out into the space explains the condition of the space. In fact, that very fact is the condition of the space of the Universe. We must discuss that first, to go any further with this theory.

(The following is a vital theory in need to understand this theory and therefore, this theory will continue afterwards.)

                                                                                                                                   top

How gravitational attractions of mass propagate in the space.

‘Action at a Distance’ being true physics is a theory within this theory.

(The theory of Action at a Distance is dedicated with pleasure to the great physicist Sir Isaac Newton whose physics required the phenomenon to be real, yet unfortunately, nobody including himself could not understand the amazing phenomenon to be possible.)

The ‘space’ is not absolute or in other words not a true vacuum when mass is present in the form of immensely abundant quanta. We have already established the fact that a medium – an intervening substance producing an affect to be present throughout all of space acquired by the Universe to initiate and facilitate the wave propagation, and the motion of mass in space other than the travel due to the repulsive force of a blast or of a collision. With a medium present, the space is no longer absolute but conditioned.

However, the mere existences of mass do not make the interstellar space or the space within the Universe a medium, in the sense and necessarily a field of force, unless mass radiate or exert a force that encompasses all of space of the Universe. For that matter we know that mass exert gravitational attractions. Nevertheless, the gravitational attractions of mass do not propagate in space as waves as we presently believe. Our present understanding on how gravity encompasses the whole of space of the Universe or how gravity propagates (spreads) through space is completely wrong in the wake of our total ignorance on this force except recognising it as a fundamental force that exists. Thus, although we say particles and aggregated mass display gravitational attractions without understanding why it is so, they do not radiate the force beyond their surface or emit the gravity quanta to carry the force spread out from a particle or a body of mass, let alone as a long range wave. In discussing the quantum gravity we understood basic gravity (gravity necessarily means basic gravity. Other forces of concentrated gravity are electric forces) is not of waves. On the other hand, mass do not radiate gravity or an electric force by the emission of relevant force carriers and for that matter, an attractive force does not generally radiate because, to radiate means to spread out and when the force is in quantum state and that means the force is in quanta, the force does not have to radiate by means of emission of force carriers. Instead, mass is of gravity (strictly speaking, mass is of concentrated gravity and that means of electric forces) and the force within mass being attractive, the force only contracts – draw together within mass and thus, the force is attractive. In that respect it must be mentioned that, there is no physical force of repulsion. (There cannot be a repulsive force because a repulsive force must radiate by emitting its force quanta and that is not possible since a force must be in quantum state and the quanta cannot be reduced by emitting other quanta unless a quantum is of a higher force value to emit another quantum which is generally not the case and we will come to such matters later.)  Therefore, there is no such thing called radiation of gravitational attractions or radiation of any force for that matter unless the force carrying particles – quanta are emitted (true radiation of force) by mass to mediate the force as in the case of the quark emitting a few gluons – the strong force carriers to prevent a quark fleeing a combination of quarks and it is a different and specific aspect altogether which we shall discuss in due course. Although it is true radiation of the strong force, it is not the spontaneous radiation of the strong force that we mean by ‘radiation of a force. The so-called radiation of gravitational attractions of mass in the interstellar space is not the actual radiation of force but a different phenomenon explained in this theory.    

All phenomena of the Universe are purely physical. Nothing in the Universe and no action in the Universe are phenomenal enough to be paranormal. It is in our inability to understand the Universe that we have the notional idea of the Universe to be extraordinary. The two theories of relativity in that respect are wrong. Such misinterpretations of certain phenomena in the Universe have only given us great misconceptions in astrophysics and cosmology. Now it is time for us to leave behind such pseudo physics of the 20th century.  

The space is primarily absolute and anything physical in that absolute space doesn’t have the ability to travel spontaneously rather than due to the existence of other physical phenomena as required by the laws of motion in space. Thus, a physical medium that has something in common with the basic features of the Universe must exist in space even for a force carrying particle to travel or mediate its force by way of forming a physical link perhaps as a wave of quanta travelling through the medium in space since, just as mass, no force quantum is radiating the force beyond the quantum. Therefore, force quanta must have physical contacts with each other or any other to mediate their force.

Nothing by itself could travel like the mind travels or move in space if the space is absolute, and no physical force of nature could radiate the force beyond the force carriers and forces of nature are mediated by the physical link of particles in space. Therefore, with the third law of motion in space, we have justified the necessity for a physical medium which encompasses all of space of the Universe to make possible the motion of mass and wave propagation in reaction to that medium in space since the issue has led us to have a wrong notion without knowing facts. That wrong notion is we think the electromagnetic radiation could propagate through the space with electric and magnetic repulsion without there being a physical medium in space. We already know that is highly unphysical because now we know what magnetism is and how exactly the phenomenon emerges in reaction; and reactions emerge in response to the existence of another thing causing an affect. Therefore, it is quite clear that, a physical medium must be present in the absolute space for any motion to emerge in reaction. What we failed to understand in believing the spontaneous propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in space is the fact that every action must emerge in reaction because all phenomena in the Universe must be physical and for that matter, the secret behind the apparent spontaneous propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in the vacuum is the abundance of photon (even if nothing else is in the vacuum) and of course together with certain other abundant particles establishing a physical medium in space for  reactions to emerge. Without such a physical medium present in space, as we have already discussed, a photon wouldn’t be moving in any manner in absolute space in the first place. Therefore, as the law on physical phenomena implies, all phenomena concerning the emergence, evolution and the existence of the Universe must be physical and therefore, everything happening in the Universe to be physical. Thus, everything including the fundamental forces must be of physical form whether they are of mass or massless quanta, in order to give rise to physical phenomena necessarily in reaction.

Anything physical cannot travel like the mind without physical links or without being forced to react. If a force could radiate without emitting  force carriers, in the sense, have the force travel like the mind without being a physical entity that is physically linked to travel as a wave, the Universe is not possible because, a single force carrier is enough for that force to radiate throughout space and there is no resistance in the absolute space to stop that force reaching infinity without diminishing; and thus, there cannot be another force since there is no space for it to radiate since the radiation of a force is already encompassing all of space. If another force must radiate in space without any physical links like the mind, it must acquire the space by overpowering the existing force and in that case, it is only the latter force that would exist in space, provided it is stronger than the other, and if not, the stronger force will overpower the weaker force. Thus, let us establish the following law based on such facts.

‘Since a force of nature cannot radiate the force, it must exist in the Universe in quantum physical state and be abundant to spread the force. Where a force cannot radiate, existing in quantum force carriers is also the only way especially, if two or more forces of nature are to be in the Universe’.

When the forces are of physical quanta they cannot reach infinity like with the extraordinary ability of the mind since their number is finite and therefore the infinite space will remain absolute forever and a Universe will only condition a finite area in its emergence and evolution within the infinite space.

The laws governing the forces of nature require even the fundamental force of the Universe to be of particles – quanta. Therefore, the gravitational attractions of mass cannot be waves of force radiation and instead, must be linked to the medium in existence in space to be affective beyond the surface of a massive body where mass does not emit its force carrying particles for the radiation of the force and the radiation of force cannot take place without the emission of force carriers to make waves. That is why a medium must be present within the space of the Universe even for the mediation of force for the existence of the Universe as a whole and for its evolution.

We have unveiled the quantum gravity for the first time in the history of physics in this thesis and with it, let us now clarify and also  justify this theory on how gravitational attractions of mass propagate through the interstellar space and eliminate the wrong notion of gravitational attractions of mass encompassing all of space of the Universe. Gravitational attractions of mass (massive bodies) cannot encompass all of space of the Universe since the force exerted by mass is mediated by the medium in space and is subject to fall with the inverse square law due to the very fact – mediation of the force. Now we understand that except the quantum gravity which is of basic force  gravity, the rest of matter are of concentrated gravity and therefore, the constituents of the medium in space also mediate their own gravitational attractions due to their physical abundance encompassing the whole of space of the Universe as a physical medium. This is the fact behind the homogeneity of the Universe and better still, since we got the origin of mass wrong and looking in all direction with a wrong calculation for the missing mass, the medium exposes the mysterious dark matter or the missing mass. Please refer to the theory of the Dark Matter for clarification.

In discussing the quantum gravity we understood the fact that the force gravity is not of waves and even otherwise, mass do not radiate gravity or any force for that matter by means of emission of force carriers and therefore there are no gravitational waves since the emission of force carriers in abundance is necessary for making waves; for instance, as it happens with various electromagnetic radiation where photons are produced in the process. Our idea of the existence of gravitational waves is a great misconception especially when up until now nobody ever understood what gravity really is or even what the quantum gravity is. When mass do not radiate the force gravity, let us now discuss how exactly the gravitational attractions of mass propagate in the interstellar space since we have already discussed certain aspects relevant to the matter and also have unveiled the quantum gravity, without knowing which we cannot discuss the phenomenon of gravitational waves no matter the quantum gravity is not of waves to make waves.

Neutrino, the quantum gravity that encompasses all of space of the Universe together with the photon and electron and other less abundant particles, forms the medium in space that makes possible the propagation of the electromagnetic and heat radiation also helps propagate gravitational attractions of mass by means of physical mediation of the constituents of the medium in space. Due to this physical link of heavenly bodies, action at a distance is true and very simple physics that we should be ashamed of for not being able to understand. We shall discuss this simple phenomenon very soon.

The electric forces being entities of gravity, the photon displays gravitational attractions and therefore, attracted to the gravitational attractions of aggregated bodies of mass just as the quantum gravity neutrino and as any other particle would be attracted. Thus, a body of mass with its gravitational attractions attracts the neutrinos, photons and electrons that are abundant in space together with whatever other particles that may be in space (which establishes a medium in space) and the intensity of the gravitational attractions of the body of mass is mediated through the interstellar space by these quanta by way of their density to the gravitational attractions of the body of mass and therefore, their density around the body of mass falls with the inverse square law as the distance from the body of mass – the source of gravitational attractions – becomes greater. That is how gravitational attractions of mass spread through the interstellar space when their force of attraction is not radiated by them by way of emitting force carriers. Since these particles – the neutrinos and photons etc are attracted to a body of mass, the force is mediated through the physical contact of these particles and therefore, gravitational attractions of mass do not travel as waves and most importantly, cannot travel as waves where no force carrying particles are emitted in radiating the force that is within, by a body of mass. Thus, there are no gravitational waves. Interestingly, the quantum gravity neutrino is carrying the basic force gravity that is not of waves and therefore, cannot make waves in their emergence by any means. (Please refer to the theory of the wave particle duality of matter for further clarification on that.)

The magnetosphere around a body of aggregated mass is of polarised gravitational attractions of that body of mass. Where no force is generally radiating, even the establishment of the magnetosphere around a body of mass is only possible if a medium exists in space. Thus, the mediation of the force gravity is by the existing particles of the surrounding medium which create a strong gravitational field surrounding a body of mass that becomes weaker with the inverse square of the distance due to physical mediation of the force, and therefore, gravitational attractions of mass do not and cannot propagate through all of space of the Universe. It is the quantum gravity that encompasses all of space of the Universe together with especially the photon and the electron. Therefore, the whole of space of the Universe is a medium and of course, generally a gravitational field since all these particles exert the force gravity since they have emerged through the very force. Within that field, the massive bodies create intense gravitational fields  around them (in fact, such intense gravitational fields are due to the magnetosphere of a body of mass that is immediately around them  and strongly attracts the surrounding medium as we have already explained) with their attractions and since that attractive force is mediated by the particles that exist in space making the space a medium, the intensity of the force of a gravitational field of a body of mass falls off as the distance from the body becomes greater.  

Continued:

                                                                                                                                    top

‘Action at a Distance’ is true physics. (In Tribute to Isaac Newton)

This great discovery of how gravitational attractions of mass or heavenly bodies such as stars and planets propagate through space by creating a field with attracted  particles of the surrounding medium in space, confirms the correctness of the great physicist Isaac Newton’s physics which required the amazing phenomenon ‘action at a distance’ to take place. The gravitational field surrounding a body of mass forms from the inception of the body as it aggregate and mediates the force by physical contact of the particles of the field (the physical medium pervading the space of the Universe) and we already know that mass do not radiate the force gravity or any electric force (since mass emerge through electric forces) and whatever the force in mass is, that force is basically gravity for that matter. However, where that force is mediated by a physical medium existing in space, it is nothing but a physical link between the source of the force and any object in that gravitational field in the surrounding space. Thus, as for an example, the affect of the Sun’s gravitational attractions on the planets orbiting the Sun in its gravitational field is similar to the Sun having strings attached to the planets because, the gravitational field is a physical link to the planets holding them in their orbits. Therefore, if the so called strings break or in other words, suppose the Sun vanishes instantly, instantaneous action at a distance is also obvious just as when the string attached to a kite in flight is broken the kite is instantaneously carried away by the wind. If we assume that the Sun could vanish instantly by some means and if that happens, the gravitational field surrounding the Sun instantly loses the source of the force the field is attracted to and that means the Sun’s gravitational field being the physical link on the planets that we could compare to strings attached to the planets are broken without the existence of the Sun and therefore, the planets are free from the Sun’s gravitational bondages from the instant the sun vanishes and the planets will go astray and be lost in space. The outward thrust of the kinetic force in orbiting will carry the planets into the interstellar space in a straight line. Since gravitational attractions are not radiations and therefore not waves, gravitational attractions of massive bodies are mediated by the physical medium existing in space and therefore, Einstein was wrong in suggesting that if the Sun vanishes instantly, it takes about eight minutes – the time it takes Sunlight to reach the earth at the speed of light (the speed of any wave propagation in the vacuum) for the earth to be affected. If the Sun vanishes instantly, the physical link between the Sun and the planets is broken just as the string attached to a kite is broken and therefore, action at a distance is instantaneous and the planets will start going their own way from that very moment. Therefore, let us establish the following law on this amazing phenomenon.

‘Where there is a physical medium in space and a force is mediated by that medium, instantaneous action at a distance due to that physical link must be possible in respect of physical reactions.’

Thus, not only the idea of gravitational waves, Einstein’s general relativity proved to be correct with the existence of the non-existent gravitational waves is also wrong. This thesis also disproves the other aspects (the perihelion shift of planet Mercury’s orbit and the bending of starlight by massive objects) sighted for supporting the theory of general relativity.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                      top

The Fate of Our Solar System

Now, with these facts known we can correctly predict the ultimate fate of our solar system or of any other solar system for that matter. A star’s age and the fate depend on its size. Massive stars compared to our Sun are short lived and they explode in the end. Our Sun, which we consider as a one solar mass star in our comparison on the assessment of others, would live for 10 billion years and having being around already for half of that time, it will live for another five billion years leaving enough time for the evolutionary process to make us intelligent enough to live peacefully and trade fairly and of course, to become truly civilised. However, the fate of our world or of the mankind is not within the scope of this thesis and therefore, we shall get back to discuss the fate of our solar system as a whole. So, being a little star, our Sun will eventually fade away nearing the end of its life span. Such aspects are not discussed here in detail since they are well known. As the Sun burns its fuel and that means burning its mass in the next few billion years, its gravitational attractions also diminish and as a result the planetary obits will widen due to the distance between the Sun and the planets increase. Closer to the end of its life span the Sun will gradually burn rapidly and become a red giant and by then life will be extinct on planet earth. Planets orbiting closest to the Sun would probably burn out. As the Sun begins to fade away to become a white dwarf, the remaining planets in the solar system will recede further and further into the interstellar space and one by one, beginning with the furthest away from the diminishing Sun, the planets will detach from the solar system and go their own way in a straight line in the interstellar space. Their own fate could be anybody’s guess since their journey through the interstellar space could be destructive.

Since we have discussed the theory of quantum gravity in the beginning, it is paramount to point out in here that, the quantum gravity – neutrino shatters the Big Bang theory. If the early Universe exploded before the emergence of the neutrinos to hold the Universe together, then there wouldn’t be a Universe today and it is not even necessary for us to discuss the incorrectness of the inflation theory to prove that point. The neutrinos fill the space of the Universe just as the photons. Not only the neutrino, but the photon and other particles in space also play a vital role in the propagation of the gravitational attractions of mass as a medium of mediation, as explained above. Together, they answer for the missing mass. (Please see the theory on dark matter, the missing mass.) Thus, the so-called dark matter has always been the most luminous, yet we didn’t see them due to our ignorance. Now the theory of everything and the force mass equivalence will make them glitter even brighter.   

The emergence of the Universe means the emergence of mass by some means in the infinite vacuum. Apart from the mere outward travel of mass that acquire Space, motions of mass such as spinning and orbiting are vital for the formation and the evolution of coherent bodies of matter and therefore, for the evolution of the Universe. None of the motions of mass could be intrinsic phenomenal characteristics of mass (which can be defined as extraordinary or magical aspects) as unfortunately believed due to our ignorance on the facts behind such physical phenomena. All kinds of motion of mass must have factors inducing such motions or actions and therefore, the involvement of two aspects as defined by the first law of motion must take place. There is no reason for us to accept the spontaneous motion of mass in space since, space is primarily absolute and thus, nothing can move by itself.  If the space is absolute without a physical medium being present, no reactions can take place other than the reactions of mere collisions and of explosions and needless to say that such reactions wouldn’t have any control since physically unbounded where the space is absolute and thus, such free motions that has no physical links are useless for a Universe to emerge as a whole. In fact, if the space remains absolute, the mass in space cannot even be called a Universe but just scattered mass in space that has no relation among them and they would just go their way forever in a straight line of travel (planets cannot orbit stars without there being a medium in space as we have just learned) and soon be lost in the infinite absolute space without having any links to anything else in space. Thus, a physical medium must exist in the space of the Universe even to hold the Universe together. A fascinating fact on the space of the Universe being a finite conditioned vacuum is that, stars and planets cannot emerge in absolute space if a general physical condition that could cause an affect does not exist in space for physical reactions to emerge because, matter wouldn’t even spin in the absolute space in the first place to initiate any other physical phenomena. The idea of the spontaneous propagation of the electromagnetic radiation in space proved to be incorrect; a misconception when we discussed the absolute vacuum.

Thus, the evolution of the Universe is governed by the three laws of motion with the emergence of matter. In fact, even the emergence of matter is governed by the three laws of motion and that will be quite evident when we discuss the origin of the Universe. Even otherwise, as already known, except the emergence of the fundamental particles, the emergence of all other matter is not instantaneous but eventual; and therefore, the three laws of motion governing the emergence of matter is quite evident even before discussing the origin of the Universe. Nevertheless, the three laws will still reveal certain undeniable facts on the origin of the Universe.  

With such a vital importance, the second law of motion quite clearly implies that, mass must originate from a force to inherit the characteristics of that force, and necessarily from a force that could initiate action in reaction not only by attraction but also by repulsion because, the fact remains that, ‘only a force could counter or attract a force’.  

Thus, matter, whether they are of mass or massless, must be of a force to inherit its characteristics in order to interact with each other, which produces a reaction. In here, that reaction is the motion of matter. (Please note that massless particles – quanta – are necessarily force carriers.)

One may wonder why it couldn’t be two different forces instead of a single force with two different characteristics or features that could stay distinctly apart in order to cause action. The reason for that is, firstly there are no uniquely different forces in the Universe rather than concentrated forces that have emerged through an underlying force and therefore they are basically same; and secondly, the factors which cause action must work in tandem and therefore, rather than it is feasible for two different forces to work in tandem, it is feasible for two different aspect of the same force to work in tandem and from what we have so far discussed, magnetism not only calls for the forces to be in tandem but also proves that electricity is nothing but a feature of gravity (the ability to increase the strength of the basic force) that has flourished in the concentration of the force. We shall find more evidence on that when we discuss certain aspects of elementary particle physics.

Whatever condition that we find or may find within the Universe belongs to the Universe and has nothing to do with the space of the Universe since the space is mere nothingness. In fact, we could logically say that there is no space within the Universe. If that is amazing to know or shocking, that is only due to our misconceptions. However, saying ‘there is no space within the Universe’ is a general statement since, like air bubbles in water, there are finite spheres of true space within the Universe that we call black holes and they are rightfully redefined in this thesis as ‘finite and acute absolute vacuums’. Let us first justify the fact that there is no space within the Universe rather than the Universe is in space.

The best way to understand the Universe and the space it occupies is to consider the Universe as a drop of water in the sky. Just as a drop of water in the sky is a sphere of mass, the Universe is a sphere of mass in the infinite absolute space. The mass of the Universe do not mean only the stars and planets. We already know that the quantum gravity and the photon and also the electron fill the space occupied by the Universe within its perimeter and there are other particles too that may be in space. The just mentioned immensely abundant particles that encompass all of space occupied by the Universe conditions the absolute space into a medium and therefore can be considered as mass due to their physical existence despite some particles being massless quanta. Thus, just as our water drop is a sphere of mass in the sky, the Universe is a sphere of mass in the space. There is no space within the drop of water, and, as the Universe is a sphere of mass, there is no space within the Universe. Nevertheless, if there are any air bubbles in the drop of water, we could say that there is space within the drop of water. Similarly, finite vacuums or in other wards, finite spheres of absolute space that we call black holes exist in the Universe. These finite spheres of absolute space are four dimensional. The forth dimension is ‘speed-time’ since the finite vacuums are created within mass and thus, speed of motion makes time a factor in becoming the forth dimension of the finite and acute absolute vacuums. The so called space-time is a meaningless combination.

Although we could logically say that there is no space in the Universe, the fact remains that the Universe is in space, and where the density of mass is not prominent or in other words, where massless quanta are widespread in the Universe, the space it occupies is obvious and we refer to the space within the perimeter of the Universe as the space of the Universe. Nevertheless, the space of the Universe is nothing other than a part of the eternal infinite space. Where the space is infinite and absolute, the space the Universe occupies has no link with the Universe it houses. A Universe may come and go but the space being eternal absolute nothingness, exists independent of any such phenomena just as time exists independent of any phenomena that may take place in that eternal nothingness or in the Universe for that matter.    

Our idea of time start flowing with the emergence of the Universe is wrong because the Universe emerged in the eternal space where time is also an eternal factor. Time is not a clock as implied by the theory of special relativity. What we call time is the duration and the duration could very well be of anything not happening just as the duration of anything happening. Therefore, time flows irrespective of anything happening or not happening in the eternal space or in the Universe. (Please refer to the theory of ‘Time’.)  However, our concern is the Universe and the Universe is not eternal but emerged in the past and of course, evolving. Therefore, although time did not start flowing with the emergence of the Universe but flowing eternally, time is a factor due to the speed of motion, in the Universe that emerged and evolves. Thus, where the space didn’t emerge alone with the Universe, time is only relative to the speed of motion in the Universe, and therefore, we could only combine speed and time together and not space and time as we have done.  The space being infinite, eternal and absolute, the space is not time relative. We cannot link or combine anything with nothingness and especially the nothingness that is infinite. The reason for us to define the space of the Universe being finite and conditioned is because the Universe has turned the space within to be a medium and it is this conditioned state of the space that matters to the Universe and therefore, to physics. If the space remains absolute without a medium being present, there won’t be a Universe. The laws on motion in space imply that a Universe cannot emerge if the space remains absolute and we have analysed these facts to be correct.  Matter must be in a medium to spin in reaction in order to give rise to any other physical phenomena, and the third law of motion in space requires the space to be a medium for the propagation of waves etc. Without these fundamental requirements being present in space no Universe could form. Thus, the so-called tiny bubble appearing from nowhere when there was no space as we are told and creating the Universe by exploding with a big bang as some say, or with not so loud a bang as some others say, and the suggested inflation blowing up the infant Universe instantaneously to the size of our solar system is not physics but some other stuff.

Since the Universe is in infinite space the perimeter of the Universe are the perimeter of the space occupied by the Universe; and the medium within is not a condition of space but a condition in space that encompasses the entire space within the perimeter of the Universe as the Universe expands. Therefore, when we refer to the space of the Universe being finite, we are only referring to an area of infinite space relevant to the Universe at any given time. Since that area or the bounded sphere expands merely by means of the expansion of the Universe, the dimensions of the sphere are of the Universe and not of the space because the sphere of mass in the infinite space is the Universe. Thus, the Universe is of four dimensions and ‘Time’ combined with the ‘Speed’ of motion (‘speed-time’ instead of the nonsensical ‘space-time’) is the fourth dimension of the expanding Universe as speed of motion  is a time dependent factor and time is a motion dependant factor. Thus, speed of motion and time are two aspects that are truly inseparable in the Universe. Please refer to the theory of ‘Time’ for a detailed analysis and clarification of this fact.

‘Speed-time’s manifestation is physically evident with the existence of the expanding and evolving Universe. Therefore, Length, breadth, height and speed-time are the four dimensions of the Universe. Any other dimensions that have been suggested are not of the Universe or of physics, but of our ignorance.

As for dimensions of space, there are no such things called dimensions of space where the space is infinite. Nevertheless, ‘space’ for us means the space of the Universe. Although the space of the Universe is part of the infinite space, what concerns us is the finite sphere of space occupied by the Universe. Since the space of the Universe is finite by whatever means at any given time and its periphery is expanding by means of the expanding Universe, we could generally refer to the space of the Universe being four dimensional although such dimensions are strictly of the Universe. Apart from that,       “the expanding Space”, “open Space”, “closed Space” and “curvature of Space” are mere reflections of our ignorance just as the case is with energy and space-time.

A conditioned state of the space necessarily refers to a finite area of the infinite space where a Universe is evolving and therefore, it is within a Universe that a physical condition could exist in space as defined by the third law governing motion in space. Thus, where the mass of the Universe is finite and infinity has no limits, the infinite vacuum outside the Universe always remains absolute, a true vacuum into which the Universe is expanding.

When nobody else ever knew of there being an outside to the Universe, how could we determine the state of and the facts on ‘absolute space’ even to draw laws of physics governing such facts? Well, we have some great evidence on such facts within the Universe. Let’s find them in our probe into the ‘finite and acute absolute vacuums’ so far known as ‘black holes’. Let us now discuss the so far unknown amazing physics that makes them.

Continued:

                                                                                                           top

The Finite and Acute Absolute Vacuum – the true definition of ‘Black Hole’

The Black Holes are not strong gravitational wells or severe wraps of the so-called Space-time continuum as suggested by our physicists going alone the lines of the General Relativity which gives a terribly wrong account of gravity and of the space of the Universe. This thesis has already explained the reality of these two aspects very well. The void is not a property to obey any laws of physics in the first place and while gravity is a very weak force the gravitational attractions displayed or exerted by mass being a residuum, is a much weaker force. Therefore, there cannot be intense gravitational fields that are immensely strong to bend even the void. (The so called strong or intense gravitational fields around massive bodies are in fact, magnetic fields; strictly speaking, they are magnetospheres around massive bodies.) The suggested source of the so called immense gravity – mass of infinite density and zero volume in black holes (supposed to be millions of stars that are compressed to zero volume) is wrong physics which we shall discuss in due course.  Thus, Black holes are not gravitational wells at all. That wrong definition is due to a great misconception. The Space of the Universe is a gravitational field as the quantum gravity together with the photon and the electron encompasses all of Space apart from mediating the gravitational attractions of mass in the interstellar space and thus, there is no sense in saying there are gravitational wells of any kind (with strong or weak gravitational attractions) in that gravitational field; and therefore, a spherical hollow in that gravitational field should necessarily be a different phenomenon.

Instead of being strong gravitational wells that does not even let light escape, the shocking news is, black holes are holes of no force of gravity at all. We already know that, gravitational attractions of mass do not radiate and therefore need a physical medium to propagate in space and when the said medium is of neutrinos, electrons and especially, photons etc, the so-called black holes wouldn’t be dark at all if filled with that medium to mediate the so-called enormous gravitational attractions of mass that supposed to be of infinite density and zero volume said to be in a black hole. Even otherwise, and that means if we assume gravitational attractions are to travel as waves as has been (ignorantly) suggested, light also being waves, what exactly is the physical process that stops the propagation of the light waves and allow only the gravitational waves to propagate through the black hole to bend space-time and also pull billions of distant stars for a fancy collection? Nobody needs to answer that question to prove that our present idea of black holes being immensely powerful gravitational wells being terribly wrong. When such is the case with our understanding of the black holes proper, the hypothesis of there being miniature black holes only suggests how alarming our ignorance in astrophysics is. As for the black holes collecting stars, mass cannot reach infinite density and zero volume in the first place if we could understand basic physics, but we shall discuss why that is soon because not understanding basic physics is our problem.   

Thus, our present understanding of the black holes is totally wrong because, that understanding is based on a wrong theory on gravity – the theory of general relativity. We have already discussed the fact that the Space is not dynamic as general relativity suggests. That hypothesis has only been supported so far by yet another hypothesis with a mathematical model extrapolated by the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild in 1916 soon after Einstein published his general relativity. In his mathematical model, Karl Schwarzschild has worked on a so called critical radius of a black hole believing the phenomenon is strong gravity wrapping the space-time and thus, the critical radius (now known as the Schwarzschild radius) is equal to 3km multiplied by the number of solar masses trapped in the black hole. Instead of questioning how to find out the number of solar masses trapped in a black hole even if black holes could collect stars as believed in our ignorance, let us first analyse the space-time (which we have already discarded as meaningless) wrapping to make a black hole.

Interestingly, space and time both are non-physical aspects and therefore how can these non-physical aspects be like a vice to crush stars to zero volume is a good question. However, according to the theory of general relativity, the space is a property but unfortunately; we have accepted the theory without asking the theorist to explain what that property is. On the other hand, if black holes are created by space-time wrapping around a source of intense gravity, why not the space-time wrap completely around the source of the so called intense gravity, making the phenomenon a black ball instead of leaving a hole in the wrapping to make the phenomenon a black hole? We must know what physics make such a phenomenon. If a theory of a phenomenon does not explain all the aspects of the phenomenon, then the theory is nothing but an absurd hypothesis.

As explained by those who believe in a dynamic space-time where the so-called space-time is pseudo physics in the first place, the density of a six solar mass core of a dead massive star (of 30 solar masses) reaches to be about 10¹⁶ g/cm³, that is 10 million billion times the density that of water and this enormous density curves space-time, creating a black hole of 18 km in diameter. The star’s core that disappears in the black hole said to be reaching infinite density and zero volume, but how? Is the space-time so dynamic as to compress the core of the dead star to be of zero volume? Isn’t it the star core that attracted the space-time around it in the first place? Now, what is this space-time dynamics that could crush a massive solar core into zero volume? Anything physical must have a volume and if not it is not physics but nonsense. While none of that could ever happen in reality to anything physical, if all that is true, when the core has just vanished, what does explode in a supernova to create a quasar around the emerging black hole? Just as we can’t eat the cake and have the cake at the same time, this creation of black holes is absurd physics of the ignorant. If the space-time wrapping six solar mass core of a dead star explodes, there can’t be a black hole because the source of gravity is no longer there to cause the space to curve even if we assume the space to be like an elastic material as suggested by Albert Einstein without explaining what exactly the property is of the elastic or the dynamic space. On the other hand, if a remaining six solar mass core of a star could wrap space-time, why didn’t such a phenomenon happen before when the star was shining with five times more mass than that of its core? Is it really the mass density that curves space-time? If it is so, does the gravitational attractions of mass also increase as the compressed density of mass becomes great while the volume of mass is reduced? We shall see.

Anyhow, the real mistake in here is, not knowing what gravity is in the first place. According to general relativity, gravity is the manifestation of space-time dynamics. How does the so called space-time dynamics get into mass is the question since it is mass that exert gravity. The mechanism so far known to create a black hole also suggests that gravity is of mass. Isn’t that why it was said that a six or more solar mass core of a dead star curves space-time with its immense gravitational attractions? Thus, these theories contradict each other. No physicist who support these theories has ever explained how mass could be compressed to zero volume and infinite density. On the other hand, if the star’s core somehow manages to create a black hole and the quasar around it by being in the black hole for one phenomenon and explode at the same time for another phenomenon to take place, that is of course amazing if not absurd, but certainly not physics. Further, if the black hole is a strong gravitational well by whatever means, no matter it is inexplicable in terms of physics, the black hole unlike a proto star, is supposed to be an immense gravitational source that even bends space-time at least in theory and therefore, the black hole in its existence in the first place must swallow the quasar which is also known as the accretion disc that is around it, rather than looking forward to consume distant stars. That is simple physics. The quasar being otherwise defined as an accretion disc similar to that of a proto star is also due to the misconception of the black holes being intense gravitational wells.

Unlike a proto star, a black hole is not a source of gravity for the quasar around it to be like an accretion disc to feed the black hole. A black hole being a finite and acute absolute vacuum, all the gravitational attractions are within the quasar around the black hole and in fact, the intense force of attraction of the quasar is of magnetism instead of gravity. The quasar is an immensely powerful magnetic field – ‘a magnetic ring’ around the black hole and if we understand the physics of a magnetic ring, we know that the quasar being a magnetic ring, sucks-up everything in its centre and that is what makes a black hole surrounded by a quasar. Since the quasar sucks-up everything in its centre, a black hole is not merely a finite absolute vacuum, but also an acute vacuum in reverse order to a manmade vacuum.  We shall discuss this totally misunderstood amazing phenomenon in fine details because it is among the greatest mysteries of the Universe. However, we will also analyse what mass density is and means in due course to eliminate the present misconceptions on gravity – the most important but the least understood aspect of the Universe until the publication of this thesis.

We already know in astrophysics that, Supernova explosions create Black holes and Quasars around them. Unlike small Stars of less than three solar masses fade away after their life span in the main sequence is over, massive Stars of 10 or more solar masses burst in massive explosions known as Supernovas since their brilliance can be seen from billions of light years away.

A greater than two solar mass core of a dead massive star bursts due to the gravitational in-fall of the gaseous mass since their radiation pressure is no longer sufficient to hold the gravitational collapse of mass and the enormously powerful nuclear explosion that follows is due to the fluctuation of enormous radiation pressure which builds up rapidly due to the gravitational collapse of mass. However, not all supernova explosions create black holes. Less than six solar mass cores that explode would create a white dwarf or a neutron star depending on the amount of mass of the exploding core. A black hole is created when a six or more solar mass core of a dead massive star explodes driving away everything within a radius in the centre of the core. Thus, when we mention supernova explosions in here, we refer to such massive explosions in particular. A powerful nuclear explosion of that nature and magnitude must create a void where the explosion took place in dense mass at the centre of the core, and the void created by the enormous explosion is devoid of any mass or massless particles since driven out by the sheer power of the blast and since the density of mass at the centre of the core is so great  the dense  mass that recede from the centre in all directions, sucks everything out of the dead centre of the blast in creating a void  and thus, the spherical void or the hollow that emerges in a supernova explosion of a dead massive star’s core is an area of pure or ‘Absolute Vacuum’ created within rapidly receding dense mass as nothing would be left in that hollow. As the surrounding mass recede further into the interstellar space, the vacuum in the centre also becomes bigger because, once such an absolute vacuum is created in that manner within receding mass, no matter how miniature in volume that absolute vacuum initially emerges, all the phenomena of the surrounding mass only helps the vacuum become bigger and bigger for a long time to come.

(Please note that the discussion of the elements created in the cores of massive stars or with the supernova explosions is not within the scope of this theory.)

Thus, ‘Black holes’ are spherical cavities of ‘Absolute Space’ forcefully created initially within dense mass (in the centre of a dead star’s core which is a hot and dense plasma) and eventually when the surrounding mass flattens as they whirl around the black hole and turn into a disc, the black hole exists in the interstellar space which is a medium, with the disc that we call a quasar around it. In fact the disc is a great magnetic ring spinning around the black hole. Since the black hole is in the conditioned space of the Universe, it is enclosed by the very medium that fills the space of the Universe and the great magnetic ring around it makes that sphere of absolute Space an ‘acute vacuum’ but in reverse order to a manmade vacuum by sucking out everything within that vacuum. We shall further justify that definition in due course. Nevertheless, being absolute Space and an acute vacuum at the same time, no waves could travel within the vacuum as whatever that may enter the vacuum is sucked into the great magnetic ring around the vacuum (in fact, the magnetic ring prevents wave propagation into the vacuum) and therefore, they remain dark without light; and thus, loosely calling them ‘Black holes’ is a romantic notion that we can appreciate. However, all the so called immense gravitational attractions believed to be of the black holes are in fact a great magnetic force generated by the whirling quasar surrounding them.

When the quasars being the most luminous objects in the Universe surpassing the luminosity of billions of Suns, the photons and the neutrinos behind their amazing luminosity (neutrinos being massless, will be lit and shine due to heat) are also behind their enormous power of attractions is now a brilliantly luminous fact because, now we know what the quantum gravity is and the role the photon plays as a concentrated force carrier. When we discuss the force-mass equivalence in due course, we will understand that ‘Mass’ is a concentrated form of ‘Gravity’. Therefore, when mass is converted mainly into quanta of gravity and heat radiation (the creation of new elements is not mentioned here since our emphasis is on the conversion of mass back into force and heat radiation to account for the brilliance of quasars) in great nuclear explosions like supernovas, needless to say that, not only the heat radiation and gravitational attractions of the quasar but due to the enormous photon number that emerge, light is greatly increased. Thus, quasars shine brilliantly. However, we cannot say that a quasar initially emerging through a supernova explosion is bright as billions of suns although quite brilliant. Nevertheless, quasars being powerful magnetic rings spinning around black holes thrive on pulling and consuming nearby stars and therefore, they eventually shine extremely brilliantly due to such added matter.

Mass is basically a concentrated form of gravity. (Please refer to the force-mass equivalence discussed in the TOE.) Therefore, since the force has manifested as mass, the gravitational attraction displayed by mass is a secondary phenomenon as a residuum and that is exactly why the force is so weak. When mass is converted into gravity quanta and photons, they being force carriers the number of these quanta thus emerged depict the true potential of the force gravity that remained a residuum in mass. Therefore, the gravitational attraction of the quasar is much greater than the gravitational attractions displayed by the core of a dead star that exploded turning most of its mass into neutrinos, photons and electrons. That is the reason behind the enormous luminosity of the supernova explosions and the brilliance and the strong gravitational attractions of the resulting quasars in the first place. In fact, the quasars around the black holes are enormously powerful magnetic fields created especially by the photons and the electrons of the spinning quasar, instead of merely being strong gravitational fields. That is simple physics to understand with the facts we have already discussed in this thesis especially under magnetism. Although quasars are also called ‘accretion discs’ around black holes, it is a misconception due to certain phenomena not being fully understood and therefore, they are not accretion discs but of course, looks like accretion discs around proto stars. Quasars do not feed black holes like accretion discs would feed proto stars. However, quasars being immensely powerful magnetic rings pull nearby stars and they crash into the black hole.

Now the physics inside the black hole become interesting with a star crashed into it. Although the black hole remained an absolute vacuum, with the entry of a star, the absolute vacuum becomes a conditioned vacuum for a while with the star’s heat radiation, and needless to say that during this time (as long as it takes the star to explode or the magnetic ring to cannibalise the star) the black hole will emit light – the light of the star burning rapidly inside. In fact, the immensely powerful magnetic ring will cannibalise the star pretty quickly since the inward gravitational attractions of the star’s mass turn outward towards the inner wall of the magnetic ring due to its immense attraction and the star will be ripped apart by the magnetic ring in no time. With the consumption of the star, the magnetic ring or the quasar grows to be more powerful and the spherical void within it becomes an absolute vacuum and thus a black hole once again and needless to say, getting bigger and bigger as the magnetic ring grows.

Being without a medium within is exactly why a black hole (a finite and acute absolute vacuum) is dark since no wave propagation takes place within. The photons cannot propagate into the space within the vacuum since it is also an acute vacuum due to the magnetic ring around it preventing any wave propagation into the vacuum and always sucking out anything that may crash into the vacuum as a result of the enormous power of the magnetic ring. Thus, with the nearby stars pulled into the black hole and consumed by the quasar as discussed above the quasar grows and that means the black hole also grows.

With that initial introduction of the ‘Finite and Acute Absolute Vacuum’  and the related phenomena, we shall go into details to understand them very well as they also lead us to understand some other phenomena in the Universe and especially the infinite absolute vacuum outside of the Universe.

Unlike the abstract energy that wasn’t in quantum form for us to assess, force gravity is real and therefore in quanta that we can assess and compare to find the ratio in the gravity-electric force-mass equivalence. However, without knowing what exactly gravity is, let alone knowing the quantum gravity until now, we wouldn’t know the ratio of that concentration until we experiment to find out. There is no wild guessing in physics. Nevertheless, since this is the first time the facts on gravity are exposed, there is no harm in trying to have some idea on the ratio of the gravity-mass equivalence based on certain facts to help us understand why a quasar made by a six solar mass core that has exploded is so brilliant to equal the luminosity of hundreds of stars, and of course, to be an immensely powerful magnetic ring around the emerging black hole at the same time that could pull nearby stars into the black hole. While quasars thrive on consuming nearby stars, the fact remains that they emerge being enormously powerful magnetic rings capable of pulling nearby stars. So, the gravity-mass equivalence ratio must be quite great for such phenomena to take place in the conversion of mass into force in a supernova explosion. In that connection, the strong nuclear force is 10⁴² times more powerful than the force gravity. But the force gravity we have compared with the strong force is not the true force gravity but the force derives from mass and not by the quantum gravity since we didn’t know what the quantum gravity was. There is no doubt that, being the quantum gravity the neutrino carries the minimal unit of force. Nevertheless, it is beside the point. The force (gravity) derived through mass and the force in quantum state, are two different aspects as the force gravity derives through mass is a secondary phenomenon – a residue force since the force has turned into mass. Therefore, we must compare the neutrino with the gluon to determine the gravity-mass equivalence ratio in the quark, based on the strength of force. As for the prime constituents of matter, apart from the quarks that make the atomic nucleus, there is also the electron that emerges with the electromagnetic force which should be of a lesser ratio in the gravity mass equivalence compared to the quark that emerges with the strong force. Therefore, we cannot commit ourselves even to guess without knowing these facts scientifically.

However, we do not have to go that far at this stage. Right now all we need to understand is, since mass is a concentrated form of gravity, when mass is turned back into gravity and heat radiation; such phenomena are very much greater than the gravitational attractions of the mass (before annihilation). It doesn’t matter whether that ratio is, for example 1,000,000:1, 100:1 or 2:1 as we know that the force in quantum state is greater (obviously by means of the number of gravity quanta that may emerge from the conversion of a particle of mass into gravity) than the force derives through mass. Thus, if we just assume that ratio to be 100: 1, a quasar created by the explosion of a six solar mass core must have gravitational attractions equivalent to roughly 600 solar masses. We say ‘roughly equivalent to’ because, all the mass of the exploding core do not convert to quantum gravity neutrinos alone, but also into photons and electrons and of course, into some other elements as well. Despite that fact, now it is possible for us to understand what the consequences would be when a mere six solar mass core explodes if the gravity-mass equivalence ratio is 1,000,000:1 or greater. There are no other secrets behind the brilliance of the supernova or the quasar phenomena other than the fact that quasars being great magnetic rings, thrive on consuming nearby stars perhaps in billions or at least millions in number and generating enormous heat over one hundred of million degrees by spinning around their black holes at great speed – around 70% of the speed of light. Therefore, we can understand their unbelievable brilliance, great heat, enormous magnetic force and being a source of other electromagnetic phenomena such as X-ray and gamma ray etc.  

The supernova creates the finite and acute absolute vacuum (black hole) and the quasar around the vacuum which, helps the vacuum exist and in fact, helps the vacuum evolve – become bigger in volume. The quasar is of interstellar dust scattered by the supernova explosion, but the enormous number of neutrinos, photons and electrons that emerged in the great explosion remain its (the quasar’s) major constituents in making it an immensely powerful magnetic field around the vacuum.  This great magnetic field or the disc is the secret behind the existence and the evolution or the expansion of the vacuum after its initial emergence in the supernova explosion. Let us now analyse the basic physics of this great phenomenon that we call ‘Black hole’.

When we create a vacuum within mass or in other words – within an enclosure for instance, in a metal can or a glass bottle, that vacuum develops a suction power as resistance to its emergence because; there cannot be a vacuum within a medium that doesn’t remain to be filled by that very medium. The medium in our case is the earth’s atmosphere and we can only create a vacuum in a solid enclosure to keep the atmospheric pressure away. Therefore, what we loosely call the suction power in a vacuum we may create is in fact the atmospheric pressure of gases (or air) trying to penetrate the vacuum. Other than that, (If not within an enclosure) a vacuum is not dynamic and of course, cannot be dynamic because it is emptiness and emptiness is not dynamic. When a vacuum is created, all the dynamics that we inadvertently attribute to the vacuum are in fact in the surrounding atmosphere that tries to penetrate the vacuum. The same principle is true to the true void that emerges in a supernova explosion. In here, the true void or the acute vacuum is surrounded by a field of gravity – strictly speaking a strong field of magnetism dominated by an enormous magnetic ring.

Nevertheless, the creation of a vacuum within dense mass by driving away the mass with the force of a blast is different to the creation of a vacuum within a solid enclosure by us. We create a vacuum within a solid enclosure by removing the air within and making the enclosure airtight. Thus, we can only create a vacuum in a given area and once created we cannot expand or shrink the dimensions or the volume of that vacuum since the enclosure is solid. Even otherwise, we can’t meddle with the void. In creating a vacuum, what we have done is removing the air in that void and therefore, that void is now an acute vacuum in the sense that there is emptiness within an enclosure that the strength of the enclosing material holds against the atmospheric pressure that is trying to penetrate the emptiness inside. Other than that, the acute vacuum has no suction power as we generally call. The vacuum is not dynamic or has any dynamic properties to develop a condition. Instead, it is the outside atmosphere that is dynamic. The vacuum remains acute by means of existing within an enclosure that prevents the vacuum from becoming a medium – strictly speaking, from being filled with a medium.

Although emerged within dense mass and eventually not surrounded by dense mass or a solid enclosure like of an artificial vacuum, the void that emerges in a supernova explosion generally known as a ‘black hole’ is much more different. Unlike a manmade vacuum, the vacuum that emerges in a supernova explosion is absolute Space without anything that belongs to the medium surrounding it remaining within as the mechanism that creates it is different to our method, which removes only the gases to create a vacuum. Being a sphere of absolute space without a medium being present, no wave function could propagate into that space especially because of the great magnetic ring that surrounds the sphere makes that absolute vacuum into an acute vacuum, in the sense, preventing it from being filled with a medium. This is fascinating physics that we must discuss in detail. If bending light is possible, then stopping light penetrating any further is also possible. Since the photon carries the light, there cannot be light where the photon doesn’t go. In other words, where there is no wave propagation, there is no light. The secret behind that is the photon’s responsiveness to gravity and therefore, to magnetism.

It is important for us to understand the physics that create a black hole, to get rid of our misconceptions on them. The core of a dead massive star explodes due to the sudden build up of enormous heat radiation pressure with the gravitational collapse of the surrounding mass. The explosion drives away mass and radiation from the centre of the core, creating a void. The power of the explosion overpowers the force of gravitational in-fall of mass to drive that mass away in all directions. Although mass is receding due to the power of the explosion, the inherent character of gravitational attractions of a coherent body of mass is towards its centre and it will always remain so but not when in their outward thrust in receding and therefore, some mass will be lost by ejecting into the interstellar space. We know that is how the supernova explosions scatter in the interstellar space the heavy elements made in such hot cores as well as elements that emerge in the very explosion.

However, as briefly mentioned above, when mass is receding from the centre of the core, the kinetic force of receding mass is added to the gravitational attractions of mass and reverse direction of the latter greatly towards the direction of the travel of mass. Nevertheless, the inherent character of gravitational attractions of a body of mass will eventually win against the force of the blast (as long as the body is not shattered into fragments or the density is reduced greatly and driven away to be lost in space) and this factor – the inward bound force of gravity acting against the outward bound force of the blast will make the force of the blast gradually fade away especially because all this is taking place in the conditioned space of the Universe and not in the absolute vacuum.    A dead massive star’s remaining core is still massive at two or more solar masses and therefore, the explosion in its centre cannot shatter and scatter all the mass to be lost in space rather than spreading the mass in a greater area that only reduces the compressed density of mass – strictly speaking, the compressed density of the coherent body of matter. It is due to this reducing density of cohesion in receding that some of the mass will be scattered in space by supernova explosions.

In here it must be emphasised that, mass density is of two different aspects. One, as already mentioned is the compressed density of a coherent body of matter; and thus, generally the ‘density of cohesion’ increases with the amount of mass due to their gravitational attractions, and under extreme conditions where the temperature is enormous to free the atomic nuclei of the electrons, the cohesion density could also be enormous since the nuclei are 100,000 times smaller than the atoms. Therefore, when the electrons are not combined to the atomic nuclei the cohesion density of mass has to be quite great and the volume has to be small.  The other aspect different to coherent density is the ‘inherent density’ of matter in their emergence. The inherent density of matter (or in other words, of mass) does not change and cannot change because of the force-mass equivalence. Thus, the cohesion density of mass cannot be greater than the inherent density of mass since the inherent density of mass is of the basic structure of mass and therefore, it is quite clear that, mass would be destroyed if the cohesion density tries to increase beyond the inherent density by any means and mass would be converted back into gravity. Thus, it is unphysical even to suggest there being infinite density and zero volume of mass. Mass density could neither be infinite nor could the volume be zero because; the law is:

‘All aspects of anything physical must be finite and anything physical must have a volume’.

If not, it is nothing physical and physics as a science cannot deal with it. Such things as infinite density and zero volume of mass must be mind boggling even to those who suggested them in their confused state due to ignorance. Such ideas that don’t even sound logical in the first place, clearly suggest their author’s ignorance on laws of physics.

Unfortunately, so far modern astrophysics has been contradictory to that law in establishing the origin of the Universe and in describing the black holes, to mention two aspects of great importance made to be totally misleading. Infinite density of mass and zero volume of mass can only exist in mathematical gimmicks based on ignorant unrealistic imagination but not in physics, which is reality. One could build a mathematical model or a formula on just about anything, but as already mentioned in this thesis mathematics is not physics. Mathematics is the manmade scientific method of understanding or explaining the physical phenomena. Physics is nothing artificial but natural and thus, we cannot create physics with mathematics although it is nevertheless being done. That is where the problem with modern astrophysics is.  

As nature, physics remains to be understood and understanding the laws governing the phenomena is paramount in our understanding physics. Laws of physics are not manmade. We cannot invent laws of physics as we may wish. Laws of physics are facts about nature that remain to be understood to be interpreted. Thus, we can interpret them correctly as and when we understand them. If the above law was known, Georges Lemaître wouldn’t have come up with the idea of the Universe emerging from a primeval atom of infinite density and near zero volume, and nobody would have considered black holes as strong gravitational wells that have mass of infinite density, yet, zero in volume, the features needed to store billions of stars in black holes for the so called strong gravitational attractions. Such ideas only depict ignorance, not physics. Mass cannot be compressed beyond a point to reduce its volume any further no matter how great the inherent density of mass is. Especially, gaseous mass cannot be compressed greatly without igniting them. That is exactly what we do with fuel injected internal combustion engines especially in our motor vehicles. They have no spark plugs to ignite the fuel in the cylinder chambers. The pistons in their up stroke compress the fuel injected into the cylinders as they approach the top dead centre and the greatly compressed fuel self-ignites. So, the so called space-time dynamics compressing stars into zero volume inside black holes is an idea not based on any principles of physics but on sheer ignorance. It is pseudo physics. 

The great density of ‘Pulsar matter’ only refers to the cohesion density of a neutron star as a body of mass and not the inherent density of its matter and now we know that density of pulsar matter cannot be astronomical as suggested with the help of imaginary mathematics. The inherent density of matter cannot increase beyond that of the atomic nucleus or strictly speaking, beyond the density of quarks because of the force-mass equivalence as explained earlier. That means whether inherent or coherent, mass density cannot be greater than the density of the mass that emerge through the strong nuclear force and that means the density of the quarks. (Please note that, quark density vary among quarks as they emerge through eight different gluons.) If not, there should be a force that is also infinitely powerful to govern the so called mass of infinite density. However, there is nothing called infinite density, in physics. Likewise, there cannot be mass in the Universe that cannot be governed by a force. The force-mass equivalence is a great fact in that respect. We must not forget the fact that ‘infinity’ has no limit. Space as the void and time as a non-physical factor are the only aspects that are infinite. Everything else being physical is finite and where even a massless particle has a volume, it is nonsensical even to suggest that, anything physical being infinite in whatever respect and zero in volume. Therefore, we must establish the above law on the ‘density’ and the ‘volume’ of mass and its credibility and validity will be quite evident in the emergence  of mass for us to understand what density and volume means, especially in relation to their gravitational attractions. Thus, we must carefully analyse the properties of mass.

Getting back to the resulting phenomena of a supernova explosion, now we understand that the explosion drives away the surrounding mass that reduces the cohesion density of that mass as mass is spread in a greater area.  

Where the cohesion density of mass at the centre of a star’s core is great, a nuclear explosion of great magnitude needed to drive away such mass of great density, must create a true void (a finite absolute vacuum) at the very centre of the core because, due to the enormous density, mass will have a great power of suction when driven out suddenly. The kinetic force of the receding mass also helps the gravitational attractions reverse direction initially to be outward bound since the kinetic force of a coherent body of mass that is still intact, yet, driven away in all directions from its centre suggests or mimic a greater aggregation of mass  lying ahead in the direction of travel and therefore, cause a phenomenon similar to the initial gravitational in fall of mass but in reverse direction since gravitational attractions are only physically mediated.  Thus, three forces altogether – that is the force of the explosion, the kinetic force of receding mass and the gravitational attractions of mass now in reverse direction, combine to suck everything out as mass recede from the centre of the core to create a true vacuum in the very centre since mass recede in all directions, and no matter how small that void initially emerges, all the phenomena surrounding that void only helps it grow. However, the final dimensions of the black hole do not depend on the power of the supernova explosion itself. After the initial emergence and expansion the surrounding mass flattens and turns into a disc like an accretion disc that whirls around the absolute vacuum as it mimics a proto star forming, since its resistance to expand within dense mass is similar to gravitational attractions of a proto star.  The spinning disc makes a great magnetic ring around the vacuum and interestingly, the vacuum has spontaneously turned into a magnetic phenomenon in its existence in the conditioned space of the Universe. Thus, after the power of the explosion that spread the mass in the interstellar space has faded away, further expansion of the black hole takes place gradually as and when mass – distant stars are pulled and fed into it by the great magnetic ring around the black hole.

However, when we say mass is fed into the black hole, it is a different phenomenon than a proto star is fed by its accretion disc. The black hole is not a source of gravity like a proto star where matter gathers into mass, for the quasar around it to be an accretion disc. The emergence of a black hole, or more correctly, the emergence of a finite absolute vacuum within dense mass is not the same as the birth of a star. A star is born with the gravitational collapse of a massive cloud of gases mass that do not explode simply because; the density of the cloud that is collapsing gravitationally is not quite great although high. Therefore, the radiation pressure that builds up due to the gravitational in fall of the gases mass will eventually be great enough to stop the in fall in giving birth to a proto star in the centre and the surrounding mass that whirl around the proto star turns into an accretion disc to feed the proto star in its evolution. The emergence of a finite absolute vacuum is different to that although the gravitational collapse of a solar core is somewhat similar. The mass of a solar core is much denser (a hot plasma) than that of a gases cloud and the gravitational collapse of mass is due to the radiation pressure at the centre being insufficient to hold the surrounding mass. However, the rapid increase of the radiation pressure due to the in fall of surrounding mass burst the core. We have already discussed how and why a vacuum emerges when dense mass is driven away in all directions in a massive explosion. It is the density of mass at the centre of the core that counts not only in creating a vacuum but also the phenomenon of mass whirling around the emerging vacuum. When the density of the receding mass is quite great, the emerging vacuum will develop a great resistance to expand. This resistance is similar to a suction power and therefore quite similar to a great gravitational pull as if there is mass in the centre and therefore, the phenomenon of the surrounding mass whirling around the vacuum just as in the birth of a proto star. As the density of the receding surrounding mass is reduced, the resistance that initially developed in the emerging vacuum fades away. Nevertheless, being an absolute vacuum that emerged perhaps miniature in volume initially, and then surrounded by a spinning great magnetic ring, the vacuum is destined to become bigger and bigger as a magnetic phenomenon since the centre of a magnetic ring (a very small radius) is a void due to the polarity alignments of the surrounding matter. Hence, even after the initial resistance in the vacuum that suggest a gravitational pull tricking the surrounding mass (the quasar) to whirl around has faded away, the quasar will keep on spinning around the vacuum since it is an absolute vacuum that cannot be penetrated especially because the quasar itself has turned into a great magnetic ring around the middle of the absolute vacuum which not only helps the void maintain its absolute state but in fact helps that vacuum grow in volume.  

The great magnetic field around the absolute vacuum makes it an acute vacuum by preventing any wave propagation into it and continually sucking everything out if anything gets into it by any means. On the other hand, where the vacuum – the sphere of absolute space is emerging, all forces are outward bound and the great magnetic ring that forms around the spherical void also have its attractive force outwards from the inner wall of the ring which makes the void an acute vacuum since matter is unable to penetrate the vacuum due to the counter attractions of the great magnetic ring surrounding the vacuum. That means, unlike in an artificial vacuum, the black hole has no power of suction after the initial stage in its emergence. Instead, the power of suction is within the great magnetic ring that is surrounding the vacuum and therefore, the black hole remains an acute vacuum in reverse order to a manmade vacuum in an enclosure.  Thus, the surrounding medium in space cannot penetrate the black hole with electric and magnetic repulsions that make waves since such physical phenomena are simply overpowered by the quasar – being an enormously powerful magnetic ring where the force of attraction within the ring is from the centre towards the inner wall of the ring and therefore, inside that great magnetic ring remains a void and an absolute void at that without even the wave propagation and thus, that void remains dark without light. Whatever enters the black hole ends up feeding the surrounding magnetic ring, helping it grow even greater. As the magnetic ring grows greater, the sphere of absolute vacuum also grows bigger in volume.

Although we are yet to discuss the origin of the Universe, we have already found facts that imply the emergence of the Universe to be cyclic. If so the Universe must emerge from the collapse of the previous Universe and that means the Universe emerges in a fireball. Strictly speaking, the early Universe is an immense fireball. The heat radiation is carried by the photons and the electrons. Gravity is the underlying force in the first place. Thus, among the elements that emerge in the fireball, the photons, electrons and the neutrinos are the most abandon particles, and in fact, they fill the space occupied by the Universe. The hot Universe cools down as it expands; nevertheless, remains filled (especially) with the photons, neutrinos and electrons just as a bowl filled with water. Thus, the abundance of particles which becomes a medium filling the space of the Universe set the boundary of the space occupied by the Universe and therefore, the homogeneity of the Universe found with the CMB radiation – the reminiscent of the early Universe being a fireball.

Now, the facts we need to know in here have emerged to be evident with that short story of the Universe. The space of the Universe is filled with the photon, electron and the quantum gravity and when gravity is the underlying force through which everything else emerges, the space of the Universe is filled with gravity as a medium that initiate or make possible and facilitates the motion of mass. In here, we will skip certain gleaming facts in that respect to keep our discussion simple and to the point that is relevant to understand the emergence and the existence of the ‘finite and acute absolute vacuums’ or the black holes. So, it is not the gravity  exerted by mass that encompass whole of space (since gravitational attractions of massive bodies are subject to the inverse square law) but the gravity of the constituents of the medium in space.

Now we are well placed to understand the emergence of the finite and acute absolute vacuums. With the facts we have found, now we know that the photons and electrons etc the supernova explosion drives away from the centre of the core are not of waves but mere particles. They were not there as incoming waves but as the particles of heat radiation. Waves may propagate (spread) through them. However, there are no gravitational waves. Gravity of mass does not radiate in that manner because ‘masses’ like planets and similar objects do not produce the quanta of gravity to radiate their gravitational attractions in wave like manner. In a body of mass, mediation of the force is physical and straight forward since a body is an aggregation. It is for the mediation of the gravitational attractions of a body in the interstellar space that a physical medium is needed since a body doesn’t radiate the force – gravitational attractions. However, stars producing neutrinos and photons is a different matter altogether. That is heat radiation and part of excess mass converted into quantum gravity in nucleosyntheses to maintain the gravity-mass ratio of the emerging elements rather than radiating gravitational attractions. Thus, gravitational attractions of stars are also mediated by the medium that is in space. If mass produce neutrinos – the gravity quanta to radiate gravity, then mass will be doomed for destruction because of the gravity-mass equivalence or in other words mass being a concentration of gravity. Thus, the stars, which do that (radiate) even for other reasons are doom for destruction and our subject matter in here is that very feature and to say precisely,  ‘the consequences of the destruction of a massive star’. Just imagine the fate of a particle of mass if it could produce or emit neutrinos to radiate its gravitational attractions. There won’t be a Universe in that case. We have discussed how the gravitational attractions of mass propagate in space in a new theory. Nevertheless, there is no harm in giving a brief description of the phenomenon as a ready clarification of matters in this theory.

Therefore, as already mentioned, mass is a concentration of gravity which is a force of attraction. (Mass is in fact a concentrated form of electric forces but, the electric forces are concentrations of gravity and therefore, we can skip mentioning the involvement of the electric forces in the force-mass equivalence.) Thus, ‘neutrinos’ – the quantum gravity, electrons and photons that fill the space of the Universe together with less abundant matter as a medium initiating and facilitating motion in space are attracted to mass due to the gravitational attractions of mass and make a distinct gravitational field around mass. Thus, the power of attraction and the diameter of the gravitational field surrounding a body of mass depend on its density and the volume, and the force that mediate by the said particles falls with the squire of the distance from the source of the force. Thus, gravitational attractions are not waves but fields surrounding mass. Therefore, it is not too difficult for the supernova explosion to drive all mass and massless particles from the centre of the core to create an acute vacuum and as long as the force of the blast remains dominant in driving away the surrounding mass, that void expands.

However, the force of the blast has no continuous source and therefore, subsides due to gravitational attractions of mass and the force of the blast eventually fades away. Thus, the gravitational attraction of mass is the limiting factor of the initial growth of the vacuum originated by the force of the blast. As the force of the blast subsides, the outward journey of mass slows down and come to an end reaching a static point for a moment and reverse direction due to the gravitational and magnetic attractions of the quasar  which becomes denser and denser closer to the vacuum since gravitational attractions of mass are once again inward bound. The phenomenon is now similar to a birth of a proto star and the surrounding mass whirls around the acute vacuum and eventually, the whirling mass flattens in forming a thick disc that covers a vast area of space around the finite and acute absolute vacuum.

The disc around the finite and acute absolute vacuum is a great magnetic field because; the disc is mainly of photons and electrons (and neutrinos) compared to other elements. The star exploded due to radiation pressure built up with enormous temperature that, despite producing a number of heavy elements, turned most of the mass into gravity quanta and photons and electrons of various heat radiations and now, the oscillation of photons and electrons together with other matter makes the disc a great magnetic field especially in the immediate surrounding of the vacuum.

The source of all these phenomena including the so called black hole is a six (or more) solar mass   core of a dead massive star. The least core is still massive at six solar masses and needless to say that is an enormous amount of mass. Some of the new elements made in the hot core that eventually reaches 600 million degrees will be scattered in the interstellar medium with stellar winds before the burst of the star, and the rest – especially the heavier new elements like magnesium and iron which are in a hot plasma without them being neutral atoms as yet but a mixture of atomic nuclei and free electrons will be scattered eventually in space when the star explodes. However, with all the nuclear reactions that take place in that enormously hot core, more mass is turned into photons, electrons and neutrinos than turning into new elements as the temperature at the centre of the core is rapidly increased by the gravitational in fall of mass.

Now, until we discuss the gravity-mass equivalence, let us assume in here that, mass being a concentration of gravity. Therefore, gravitational attraction of mass is obviously weak since, the phenomenon is only a reflection of the concentration of the force. This is the reason why denser mass display stronger gravitational attractions. Thus, when mass turn into gravity quanta, although the force carried by a single quantum is negligible, it is the amount of quanta thus produced that counts since mass had been a concentration of force. In that respect, it must be stressed that the production of neutrinos in nuclear fission and fusion is only to get the concentration of gravity-mass equivalence  right for the emerging element and thus, the rest of the neutrinos are generally lost unless take part in chance interactions. However, mostly photons and neutrinos emerge when mass turns into gravity in extreme temperatures like in supernova explosions and that account for the immense gravitational attractions and luminosity of the  disc or the quasar around a black hole. The photons and electrons and the other matter in motion making the quasar a great magnetic field is the phenomenon that helps the black hole exists for a long time to come.

It is due to this magnification of gravitational attractions where once a massive star of 30 solar masses shined, that, nearby stars are pulled to the black hole by the quasar. A six solar mass core belongs to a 30 solar mass star. Nevertheless, the gravitational pull of six solar masses that turned mostly into photons, electrons and quantum gravity and further into a magnetic field, must greatly surpass the gravitational attraction of the original star (30 solar mass) due to the facts on the gravity-mass equivalence we have discussed above. It is quite evident with the luminosity of the supernova explosion exceeding the luminosity of over 100 galaxies even for a few days which implies a great number of photons had been produced by the explosion. Since now we know that the photon being the electromagnetic force carrier is a concentration of gravity and apart from the photon, the supernova turns most of the mass of the core also into quantum gravity neutrino and the electron, we can understand the magnification of the force gravity once hidden in the form of mass of the star core to be enormous since mass is a greater concentration of force. Thus, the brilliant luminosity of the supernova explosion alone confirms mass being a great concentration of force to have that happen. As if all the extravagensa of the supernova is not enough, the resulting quasar turns into an enormously powerful magnetic field spinning around the black hole that has emerged in its centre. When that happens in a tightly packed star cluster in the centre of a galaxy, it is hardly surprising that the nearby stars are pulled by the strong magnetic field around the black hole – ‘the finite acute and absolute vacuum’.

The brilliance of the supernova explosion that may surpass even the luminosity of 100 massive galaxies for a few days can now be attributed to the fact that, most of the mass of the exploded star has been converted to quantum gravity, electrons and photons. After the initial extreme brightness of the explosion has faded away in a few days, further loss of brightness of the quasar takes place in the next few months. However, the quasars being similar to an accretion disc around a proto star, turns very fast around the acute vacuum so that the inner ring gets very hot and therefore shines for a long time as long as nearby stars are pulled and fed into the acute vacuum where, in the process, both the acute vacuum and the quasar grows further. Let us now analyse that mechanism.

The acute vacuum has no power of suction like in a manmade vacuum and without being a so called ‘gravitational well’ it has no power of attraction at all. Being a sphere of absolute (or true) vacuum where no waves could propagate due to other phenomena surrounding, it doesn’t even feel the attractive force of the magnetic field that surrounds it unless a star enters and establishes a medium within with its radiation and when that happens the great attractive force of the magnetic ring comes into affect and cannibalise the star in no time and the sphere or the hollow becomes an absolute vacuum once again. During such a star’s ordeal a black hole will emit light and other heat radiation.

The space being filled with a medium – that is mainly of quantum gravity neutrinos, electrons and photons, the acute vacuum in simple terms is a cavity in that medium; thus, surrounded by that medium and of course by the quasar as well. Thus, the existence of a black hole in space is similar to the existence of an air bubble in water. Just as the air bubble is surrounded by water, the acute vacuum is surrounded by the medium in space. However, unlike an air bubble in water which feels the pressure of the water, the acute vacuum is not subject to any sort of pressure from the fields that encloses it. Instead, the inner circle of the quasar that encircles it being a great magnetic field has its force of attraction from its inner wall but does not radiate that force into the acute vacuum (unless a star enters it as discussed above) since the acute vacuum is devoid of the necessary medium for the mediation of gravity or wave propagations. Thus, the acute and absolute vacuum is not subject to any force, just as, it radiates no force and remains dark since no wave propagation in it is taking place.

The so called event horizon or the critical radius of a black hole is not a phenomenon of space-time curvatures leaving an opening for us to peep into the black hole or else for the accretion disc to feed the black hole but a magnetic phenomenon as mentioned earlier. Space and Time are not properties. Space is nothingness and time is an independent non-physical factor and therefore, these two aspects are not governed by laws of physics. The finite and acute absolute vacuum is encircled by a great magnetic field; thus, it is a magnetic ring around the vacuum which helps the vacuum stay absolute and an acute vacuum. Now, if we forget it being an acute and absolute vacuum for a moment, the force of attraction inside a magnetic ring is from the ring’s centre to the inner wall and most importantly, the dead centre inside of the ring is free from the force due to the alignment of magnetic poles leaving a small radius around the dead center or an ‘area of zero polarity’ or in other words, a small void and the diameter of which depends on the diameter of the magnetic ring. Although the force of the great magnetic ring around the acute vacuum cannot penetrate the acute vacuum, the force surrounds the acute vacuum and leaves a circular gap (AZP), an opening similar to a mouth of a vessel in the surrounding medium on top and bottom of the spherical vacuum as the great magnetic ring encircles the sphere around the middle. If our observations of black holes are correct, there is no other reason for this phenomenon the critical radius or the so called ‘event horizon’ if we like to call it that. However, it has to be a minor phenomenon since the acute vacuum is a spherical hollow encircled by a thick magnetic disc which makes a great magnetic ring around it and thus, away from the thickness of the disc, the hemispherical top and bottom of the hollow cannot be complete enclosures of great magnetic fields due to the very fact that the magnetic field around the middle of the hollow is a magnetic ring that creates a void in its centre and the manifestation of that very void is the critical radius, a phenomenon due to magnetic polarity alignment of the surrounding matter. Their diameter should be proportional to the diameter of the inner circle of the disc that is around the acute vacuum by a factor that we must determine by experiment with magnetic rings.

If we have observed light spiralling into black holes at the event horizons that is an interesting phenomena but certainly one that has deceived us in our ignorance. Photons cannot enter the black hole as the black hole being a sphere of absolute space surrounded by a magnetic ring that prevents any wave propagation into that vacuum. However, since the event horizon is a magnetic phenomenon, it is also a magnetic ring but a minor ring within the great ring – the quasar. Thus, the photons in the surrounding field that are attracted to the minor magnetic ring that mark the event horizon are pulled to the inner wall of the  ring because; the attraction of a magnetic ring is great at the inner wall. Therefore, the photons thus attracted to the inner wall of this secondary ring that we call the event horizon or critical radius may give the impression to a distant observer that light being spiralling into the black hole, which is only a delusion. The photons that are attracted to the magnetic ring (at the event horizon) over the hemispheric magnetic fields of a black hole will get into the magnetic ring and then fed back into the surrounding field.

The idea of black holes collecting millions of nearby stars is due to our total ignorance on this amazing phenomenon and at the same time due to misconceptions on mass density and volume. Even the assumed mechanism of the quasar pulling nearby stars into a black hole is flawed physics. According to the present assumptions, nearby stars are attracted to the quasar or the disc   and a star thus pulled by the disc go round and round in the disc and eventually gets closer to the event horizon and finally sucked into the black hole. All that is wrong physics.

The density of the disc (quasar) further away from the great magnetic ring around the middle of the acute vacuum is not considerable at all against the mass and density of a star. Therefore, instead of the disc attracting nearby stars, the nearby stars will cannibalise the disc if the disc is within their gravitational attractions.

The finite and acute absolute vacuum that we generally call a black hole or may loosely call an acute vacuum has no force of attraction whatsoever because; contrary to our former wrong notions, there is no collection of billions of stars compressed to a nonsensical zero volume within them and they remain finite spheres of absolute space made to be acute vacuums by surrounding physical phenomena.   We refer to such vacuums as acute since the phenomena governing their existence deprive them of wave propagation into them. Since they exist in the interstellar medium they remain to be filled by that very medium or whatever properties of the Universe and that will happen eventually in millions or billions of years after the great magnetic ring around the acute vacuum fades away when there is no mass (stars) near by for the magnetic ring to thrive on.

The acute vacuum, best said in here – the ‘black holes’ feeding the disc is contradictory to the present understanding of the disc feeding the black holes. Physics is generally interesting, but this is amazing physics of one of the most amazing phenomena of the Universe. In a way we could still say that, black holes consume mass because, black holes thrives or grows due to mass entering it by some means although it has no gravitational attractions. Mass that enters a black hole not only helps the black hole grow, but also helps the disc grow. Thus, the disc attracting nearby stars and feeding the black hole and the black hole instead of crushing that mass to zero volume and collecting, feeding the disc in return is quite interesting physics that we must understand.

In the disc around the acute vacuum the central part that is immediately around the acute vacuum being a great magnetic field is the most important feature of the disc. The rest of the disc spreads through a vast area of interstellar space and thus continuously reduces the compressed density of mass of the disc that eventually and gradually will be lost in space. While that is happening, the enormously powerful circular central magnetic field attracts nearby stars. The stars thus pulled will soon get aligned with the centre of the magnetic ring in their destructive journey and find their way forced into the acute vacuum. Before the star enters the acute vacuum, the great magnetic ring will strip the star of its outer layers as if the star loosing its mass in solar wind. Thus, the disc around the acute vacuum will get enriched especially with hydrogen and helium. Just about the bare core of the star enters the acute vacuum and we have already discussed the consequences or the fate of such a star.

As long as nearby stars are forced into the acute vacuum the process of expansion of the acute vacuum and the growth of the magnetic ring around it will continue. Interestingly, with the growth of the magnetic ring, it’s great power of attraction reaches further and further into space. When that happens in a centre of a galaxy where millions of stars are tightly packed and held in position with their gravitational attractions, the great magnetic ring around an acute vacuum pulling millions of stars into it is a minor phenomenon.

The magnetic ring around a finite and acute absolute vacuum (black hole) will start fading away when no stars are orbiting within its reach to succumb to its power of attraction. The quasar further away from the great inner magnetic ring must fade away first by spreading in the interstellar space making available the new elements that did not emerge with the emergence of the Universe and among them especially the building blocks of life – the chemical elements that the supernova explosions helped emerge in the space by scattering the necessary elements in the space. As the great physicist George Gamow once said, “Stars die so that we could live”.

                                                                                                                                       top  

The Matter with Antiparticles/Antimatter

(Please note that, strictly speaking, antimatter is matter made with antiparticles just as matter is matter made of particles and yet, ‘matter’ and ‘antimatter’ are often used in physics as general terms referring to particles and antiparticles. That trend is sometimes followed in this theory for no reason.)

“Matter and antimatter emerge together. Yet, when matter meets antimatter they interact and annihilate and produce more matter and antimatter. They too meet and annihilate and this went on until a slight asymmetry in matter and antimatter helped matter win and make our Universe……” That explanation  given by our physicists is like a grandma’s fairytale. In physics we must understand the phenomena and explain how exactly they happen instead of breaking the news of an event that is happening. (The asymptotic freedom of quarks is another mere news item that doesn’t explain why and how the phenomenon takes place.) One of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the universe is its apparent composition only of matter, and not also of antimatter where they emerge equally and yet the antimatter seem to disappear. Thus, we must understand how it happened and why it happened and of course, why it is still happening. If not, we may tend to think ‘the gods must be crazy too’; let alone listening to or relating fairytales. However, if we understand physics, the hypothesis that suggests matter winning due to a slight asymmetry between matter and antimatter and building the Universe while antimatter vanish perhaps from the Universe altogether is quite clearly very poor imagination because; antimatter that emerge together with matter cannot be far too different from matter and therefore, they cannot vanish from the Universe leaving the matter alone to build the Universe. On the other hand, we certainly know that they both travel at the same speed so, antimatter leaving matter and going somewhere else that matter cannot go or leaving the matter behind is absurd thinking. Thus, antimatter got to be here but since they are not to be seen rather than a few, there is no doubt they are in hiding; but why and where are they hiding are our concerns.  So, the first question in our probe into this mystery of the missing antimatter is ‘why there should be antimatter in the first place?’ That is the best information we need, to find some clues on their disappearance.

We need the heat for cooking; so does the Universe, for the cooking of particles. Just as we cook different cookies, the Universe also cooks different cookies and only we call them particles. Thus, heat is the energy needs to do the cooking of particles. Besides, cold is not productive and nothing happens in the cold. While we have various ways and means of generating heat, the Universe must also have some ways and means of generating heat for cooking the matter or the particle soup, to say it passionately. In understanding that by observing the characteristics and the properties of matter, we will understand the undeniable truth in mass emerging through a force and that force being of extreme nature and therefore, electric. If not, matter (mass) would be like bland cookies and characterless and that means their motion is not possible in the first place and without motion, nothing else is possible and that means the emergence of the Universe is not possible.

With their motion made possible by emerging through a force, particles and their corresponding antiparticles interacting and annihilating is the primary process of generating heat in the Universe. There are also short lived resonance particles that generate heat by quickly decaying as soon as they emerge. Then there are highly volatile matter decaying and generating heat in a slower process than the other two and their role in generating heat is not as straightforward as of the first two. Thus, just as mentioned earlier, the primary requirement for the emergence and the virtual existence (they are not virtual particles my any means and that is why some of them exist) of antiparticles is generating heat necessary for the nucleosyntheses by immediately interacting with particles and annihilating together. The other use of the antiparticles is to contribute extra force where necessary for the emerging particle of mass since, the charge a particle carries is also the hideout for the force that was once the antiparticle. Since charge is a concentration of force and an entity in mass, it is possible for the charge to carry more force under the same concentration. However, we have not detected that since we are not aware of that fact. We did not know in the first place that, electric charge being highly concentrated force.

In the theory of the electric forces and the charge we understood that the electric forces are concentrated forces of the fundamental force gravity and mass and the electric charge are manifestations of electric forces in their further concentration. Further, we understood that, an antiparticle is a particle that carries the opposite electric charge to its corresponding particle. Most importantly, we understood that only particles of mass carry a charge since, when force equals mass, the force that manifest as mass loses its character greatly and becomes a residue in mass and therefore, mass may carry an electric charge which is highly concentrated force as an entity in mass. That means the massless force carriers or gauge bosons need not carry a charge and do not carry a charge and of course, they cannot carry a charge and the reason for that is charge only emerges in great force concentration where mass emerge prior to the emergence of well defined charge. Thus, whatever the charge, whether it is positive or negative, is concentrated force. Therefore, in the particle-antiparticle interactions and annihilations that would finally result in the emergence of a particle without the emergence of an antiparticle, the amount of force once was the antiparticle is now the entity the emerged particle carries as charge. Since charge is a concentration of force, any amount of force can be behind the charge. That is an elementary particle and we only measure the amount of mass and the charge and never the amount of force behind the charge of a charged particle. Thus, we say the electron and its antiparticle the positron are equal in their mass and charge. However, now we know a great fact about elementary particles and therefore, we know that there should be more force behind the charge of an electron than behind the charge of a positron because, whatever positron that we may measure is a fugitive particle that emerged together with an electron and thus the positron and its corresponding particle the electron (which is impossible for us to find) shares the full force of an ordinary electron.

Antiparticles do not emerge to exist to make the Universe or another Universe that is entirely of antiparticles/antimatter as some would like to think in their ignorance. Like it was mentioned earlier, an antiparticle emerges through an elementary particle in order to generate the heat necessary for the nucleosyntheses and once that task is achieved, the antiparticles in their final annihilation merge with the electric charge the emerging particles carry. Since charge is a concentration of force, it is possible to accommodate the extra force under the same concentration. Therefore, all the charged particles are of more force (having an electric charge that also carry the force equivalent of the antiparticle) than their antiparticles that may exist after escaping in chaotic conditions of a nucleosynthesis of the interactions with corresponding particles that leads to their annihilation, and merging to emerge as the charge of the particle that finally emerge.

Now, although we can track down an antiparticle, we certainly cannot find its corresponding particle. Thus, for instance, rather than merely measuring the mass and charge of particles, if we could measure the full force of an electron against a positron we should find the force equivalence of the electron to be twice as much as the force equivalence of a positron although their mass and charge to be the same. That will be invaluable experimental evidence on the great mystery of the whereabouts of the missing antiparticles.

Let us now go deep into the matter of antiparticles to understand it precisely.

This is amazing physics that we must discuss in detail to reveal the great mystery of missing antimatter.  Due to force conservation and force equals mass and electric charge the mass may carry, annihilation of matter and antimatter not only generate heat but also reproduce matter and antimatter (particles and antiparticles) according to the available temperatures where different particles emerge at different threshold temperatures. Therefore, annihilation of matter may give rise to different elements in their subsequent re-mergence according to at which point in the temperature scale (threshold) that they emerge. It is an important aspect of the emergence, annihilation and the re-emergence of particles and antiparticles. It is very cleaver celestial physics to reach the threshold temperatures needed for the creation of varying elements.   The role of resonance particles also includes carrying away excess mass or to shed mass in particle interactions or in radioactive decay. The composition of resonances generally includes matter and antimatter combinations to facilitate their instant decay at birth. All that is possible since mass emerge from electric forces and if not, there cannot be antimatter, resonances or volatile matter. (Mind you, this is physics that our physicists never knew and wouldn't understand for some time to come as long as I don't explain everything in mathematics, the only language they understand as they are not true physicists but mathematicians who may excel only in manmade physics and that is engineering. Astrophysics is nature's physics where you need intelligence to understand the basis of the natural phenomena without which, one can only be like Einstein the genius who bent the void and stretched the non-physical time with his mathematics. His E=mc² the most famous wrong equation is now the yardstick to measure the idiocy in modern astrophysics, as the so called energy is not a fundamental aspect in the universe that must exist in quantum form to begin with turning into mass.)

However, antimatter is not really antimatter. Particles and their antiparticles having emerged from the same source cannot have uniquely different mass to each other. Yet, amazingly they have their own signature to refer to or interact exactly with their corresponding opposite particle only and we shall get to this vital feature soon. On the other hand, the electric charge having its opposite charge also makes a difference between a particle and its so called antiparticle. But for that matter, charge is also the force. Charge is highly intensified force in force concentration but of course, charge is only a part of the force and mass represents the other part of the force. Therefore, we cannot really go alone the charge or mass but must get back to the force to solve the mystery of antiparticles. However, we must first understand mass and charge very well.

What is an opposite charge? When charge is basically highly intensified force due to force concentration, opposite charge must emerge with a slight variation in its concentration. Thus, out of the negative and positive charges, we cannot say which charge is fundamental and which charge is its opposite. That is merely arbitrary and both charges are equally important and necessary to exist instead of one. True to that fact, while matter can be negatively or positively charged, antimatter could also be negatively or positively charged. When antimatter or antiparticles do not carry a particular charge across the range of antiparticles, for instance, the antiparticle of the electron is positively charged and the antiparticle of the proton is negatively charged, it makes it easy for us to understand the phenomenon that is antiparticles. In that respect, interactions of charged particles or simply, interactions due to electric charge do not always lead to the annihilation of the opposite particles and thus, it is clear that the secret of antiparticles is not in the electric charge. We have already discounted mass holding the secret since emerging through the same quantum of force, a particle and its antiparticle cannot have mass that is extremely different to that of each other. True to that fact, particles and their antiparticles could even oscillate back and forth. Hence, the secret of their annihilation in meeting and the existence of only matter must lie in some other fact that is not prominent. 

Interestingly and fortunately, contrary to our bygone day understanding, there is not much magic in celestial physics that make the Universe extraordinary. We must understand the physical processes and pay attention even to what looks like minor aspects in order to solve mysteries. When force gravity’s concentration is the basis of the emergence of the electric forces; and the concentration of the electric forces is the basis of the emergence of mass and charge; and when mass emerges before the charge and thus, charge emerges only in mass, the force must divide in half to give rise to two particles of mass at the same time in the very process to give rise to the  charge they would carry, which happens to be opposite to each other for the two particles that would emerge through a single force quantum. Since mass emerge in the force concentration  before the charge emerges, further force concentration and compression would increase the density of mass as charge also emerges in the same process. When mass and charge both are products of the force in concentration, and charge is the ultimate phenomenon in the force concentration, density of mass becomes a factor in the emerging charge. Where both aspects are products of the force, mass density and charge become proportional to each other. That means, when mass density is less, more force is available to manifest as charge through the mass and thus, depending on the density of mass, charge may emerge the maximum possible or a fraction of the maximum possible. Thus, mass density is greater where the electric charge a particle is carrying is fractional of the elementary charge eV1 which happens to be the maximum possible. However, the phenomenon of fractional charges is unique to quark combinations and we shall discuss why that is when we discuss quark confinement in the theory of everything. 

In that analysis of the emergence of mass and charge there is a little clue that would lead us to solve the mystery of the vanished antiparticles, and that is mass emerging through quanta of force and therefore, ‘quantum force’ is the key  for us to unlock the mystery. Therefore, we must know why a force of nature is in quantum state and not in any other form? Especially, why not the quanta merge and turn into a huge lump or a sea – if we like to forget that the sea is of water molecules? Interestingly, that means there cannot be   glue-balls either; but for that matter the gluons are different cookies altogether and that means they are not true quanta or in other words, they carry much more than quantum force and that is exactly why there are eight different gluons as the strong force carriers. However, the information we have on gluons are contradicting and therefore the correctness of what we know of gluons is a concern. If gluons at least sticking together in making big balls as in our hypotheses, that means they are not interacting with each other. The naming of the strong force carrier ‘gluon’ – ‘glue-on’ was a mistake made in our ignorance in the first place. The strong force carriers do not act like some glue applied in between two particles – quarks or else between nucleons to bind them together for us to call the strong force carriers ‘gluons’. Instead, the quarks have emerged from the strong force and therefore, the force is within quarks to stick together with other quarks of a combination or as nucleons. That eliminates the mesons as nuclear binding agents as well. In any case whether force equals mass or energy equals mass, atoms emitting particles of mass like the mesons as nuclear binding agents is not intelligent physics at all.   The so called colour force was invented without knowing such facts. Now when we solve the mystery of antimatter, we will be also en route to solve the mystery of the quark confinement as well. Nevertheless, we shall leave that to be discussed rightfully in the TOE and avoid making this theory complicated.

In fact, there is nothing called antimatter or antiparticles since mass (particles and antiparticles) emerge through the same force quantum and in the same process and particles and the so called antiparticles are identical except for the electric charge they carry. That means there is a difference in the electric charge a particle may carry and we have identified that difference as negative and positive. However, just as mass, charge emerging through the concentration of the force means there is only one kind of charge especially because, basically charge is highly intensified force and therefore, negative and positive charges are nothing but less and more intensified force respectively. That is where mass needed to be isolated by separating into two individual particles for opposite charges to emerge especially since charge emerges after the emergence of mass and therefore, charge emerges in the ultimate force concentration that also establishes the density of mass. When mass density is a basic factor in the emerging charge where both mass and charge are products of force emerging in force concentration, a slight variation in mass density is all that is needed for negative and positive charges to emerge. Mass density is also the factor in the emergence of fractional charges but that is of course under extreme concentration.  Interestingly, the volume of mass is not a factor in the emerging charge and thus, the elementary charge eV1 is the ultimate electric charge. This also confirms force concentration being the basic factor in the emergence of the electric charge. The volume of force is not an issue since a force is in quantum state and that is why the level of concentration becomes the key factor. We shall discuss in the TOE the unique existence of eight different gluons carrying the strong force to solve yet another mystery that has confused us.

So, why a force of nature is in quantum state or why a force of nature is carried by quanta is a very important question. And the answer is, ‘a force of nature does not radiate and therefore, a force of nature must be in quanta in order to mediate the force especially when mediation through distances in light years are required’. To understand that answer we must first understand what radiation of force is or means. We know that radiation generally means transmission of heat or light from a body. Radiation of force also means transmission of the force from a body. Thus, if a force of nature is a body, radiation of the force by way of transmission of the force by means of emitting force carriers reduces the volume of the body and of course it reduces the original strength of the force of the body of the force and therefore, emission of force carriers from a body to radiate its force will lead to weakening the body if not total evaporation of the body as what happens to stars radiating heat. Thus, where a force of nature is a conserved aspect, radiation of force through a main body is not possible especially since celestial distances for such radiation could be astronomically large even when measured in light years. Since celestial distances are astronomically large and an expanding Universe would cover an unthinkably vast area of space by means of billions of light years, a force of nature must be mediated through force carriers and therefore, the force must be in quantum state for the carriers to be in abundance in order to mediate the force. However, apart from mediating the force, where the force equals mass and where mass must emerge in various means and should carry various properties, the force that gives rise to mass must be in quantum state and be abundant for that to happen anywhere in the Universe. Thus, it must be a fundamental law of physics for a force of nature to be in quantum state. Let us establish that fundamental law as follows.

“A force of nature cannot radiate without the emission of force carriers which reduces the force if carriers are emitted through a body of the force and therefore, in order to mediate the force in areas measured in light years; and where the force equals mass and mass must emerge in numerous particles that carry various properties, the force that gives rise to mass  must be in quantum state and be abundant, enabling the process of the emergence of mass to take place anywhere in the Universe for the evolution of the Universe”.

Now another law governing a force of nature must come naturally to the mind of even a lay person because it is a simple fact that shines brilliantly. Nevertheless, we may have overlooked that fact perhaps due to its simplicity and as a result, two simple aspects became two of the greatest mysteries of the Universe that tormented physicists’ minds for many decades. They are the mystery of the vanishing antiparticles and the mystery of the quark confinement. The quark confinement requires further explanation beyond the simple facts that explains the mystery of antiparticles and therefore, we shall discuss quark confinement (or the so called “chained gang” phenomenon) in the TOE.

The simple fact that shines through the above law governing a force of nature is:

“A quantum force cannot be subdivided and must remain intact. Therefore, mass that emerge through a quantum force cannot be separated affectively and permanently”.

Continued below.

                                                                                                                           top

How Particles of varying amount of mass could emerge

through uniform force carriers

Thus, the antiparticles cannot and do not vanish into an unthinkable nowhere as we have been thinking is happening. We have already understood why there should be antiparticles. Once that requirement of generating heat is fulfilled, simply the so called antiparticles will not emerge any further. The quantum force that divided itself in giving rise to a particle and its antiparticle in order to interact with each other and annihilate and re-emerge will finally merge in the particle antiparticle annihilation process and would give rise only to a single charged particle instead of a particle/antiparticle pair. In their cessation to exist, the antiparticles do not emerge as particles, doubling the number of particles since quantum force cannot be divided and therefore, two particles that could exist separately would not emerge from quantum force. That is also the very fact behind the quark confinement – particles that have emerged from quantum force must stay together or else annihilate and produce yet another quark combination or a single particle and we shall leave the quark case to be discussed in the TOE. On the other hand, the cessation of the production of the antiparticles together with particles does not generally result in the ultimately produced particles becoming massive. Instead, the force equivalent of the antiparticle or the balance of force after contributing a part of force to the mass of the emerging particle (so that particles of varying amount of mass could emerge through uniform force quanta)  is now hidden behind the electric charge of the particle that has finally emerged through the particle/antiparticle annihilation process.

Continued:

Part II of the theory of ‘Its not relativistic mass’ (The role of antiparticles)

That is the mysterious fate of the antiparticles. Thus, an electron emerged together with an antiparticle or finally by itself would have the same mass and charge but of course if an electron finally emerged alone it would have twice the force equivalence to that of an existing fleeing positron as mentioned earlier. The secret behind that amazing possibility is the fact that the volume of force does not count in giving rise to the electric charge. Electric charge being intensified force; it is the concentration of the force rather than the volume of force that decides the level of charge and therefore, charge is the hideout for the antiparticle – strictly speaking, hideout for the force equivalent of the antiparticle.  Thus, despite whatever the volume of force, the maximum possible charge remains at eV1. That also proves force concentration being the factor behind the phenomenon of electric charge. Thus, charged particles carry a reserve of force hidden behind the charge. Due to this fact, while force carriers are generally same (except the gluons) they could give rise to a variety of particles with varying amounts of mass and charge making use of the extra force (that was once the ‘antiparticle’) where necessary or let that force remain piggyback on the particle as electric charge. Without that possibility of particles carrying a reserve of force behind the charge, a force of nature should have a highly complex array of quanta responsible for producing various particles with differing amount of mass alone. (The strong force with eight different force carriers falls into such a category. Nevertheless, quarks that emerge through the strong force also carry a reserve of force behind their electric charge and we shall discuss this complex force in the TOE.) The reserve of force a charged particle is carrying eliminates our misconception of “borrowed energy” and the “uncertainty” mentioned in the so called energy=mass physics and of course, eliminate the nonsensical relativistic mass. Now it is quite clear that it is not the magical relativistic mass that would give rise to a massive Z⁰ through the interaction of an electron positron pair at ‘c’ – the velocity of light but the extra force hidden in the electric charge of the electron together with neutrino interactions taking part at ‘c’ contributing extra force for extra mass. It is the threshold temperatures relevant to the emergence of various particles that decides which particles to emerge. As mentioned earlier, the force equivalence of an electron must be twice as large compared to the force equivalence of a positron and that is one great aspect contributing to what is known as relativistic mass. The other factor that contributes to the phenomenon as we have discussed is the neutrino interactions at ‘c’. Now we can leave pseudo physics that do not make any sense.

We already have a fact that confirms the fact that a quantum force cannot be divided permanently or at least for long and that is the unbelievably amazing fact that every quantum force has its own signature (identifying characteristic) and therefore, in the emergence and annihilation of particles and antiparticles, the annihilation only refers to the interactions of corresponding pairs of particles and antiparticles and not to just about any particle antiparticle interactions. Thus, in case of a mismatch interaction the particle and the antiparticle would survive until they meet their corresponding opposite particle which may never happen and that is the reason for the existence of a small number of antiparticles that has gone astray in the Universe by missing the chance of interacting with their corresponding particles. Usually the particle antiparticle interactions are instantaneous on their emergence and therefore, any mishaps to separate them are minimal and thus, there are no good numbers of antiparticles in the Universe.

Thus, if we account for the missing antiparticles also in our calculation of the so called missing mass, that calculation is terribly wrong.

Finally, we must also clarify yet another matter relating to antiparticles/antimatter and that is the quantum gravity neutrinos being the force carriers of gravity having their antiparticles. This concern is due to the fact that it is the electric charge that makes a difference in two particles that emerge together to identify as a particle and its antiparticle and for that matter, force carriers do not carry a charge and especially, the neutrino do not even carry an electric force but the basic force gravity let alone carrying an electric charge. So, why the three types of neutrinos have their antiparticles when the electric force carrier photon doesn’t have an antiparticle?

In the theory of the quantum gravity we have discussed why there are three kinds of neutrinos. The case of the neutrinos having their antiparticles is more or less the same as why there are three kinds of neutrinos. Nevertheless, we shall address the matter directly under this theory of antiparticles/antimatter.

There cannot be antiparticles to force carriers unless a force carrier that emerges in particle interactions carry hallmarks of their emergence in order to balance the force-mass equivalence together with all the particles that emerge in a particular interaction or particle decay. For instance, in neutron beta decay a neutron transmutes to a proton by the partial decay of the down quark that emit an electron and an antineutrino. The neutrino the carrier of the basic force gravity that emerges in beta decay to carry away the excess force shed by the down quark is an antineutrino since carrying the hallmarks of its emergence through the neutron beta decay where an electron has also emerged. While such hallmarks may be necessary for such neutrinos to give rise to specific particles time and time again since the neutrino as the quantum gravity is an important particle in particle interactions where shedding extra force or adding (drawing) extra force according to the particles that may emerge in an interaction may become necessary and the quantum gravity is the best to fulfil that task. However, although carrying any hallmarks makes a neutrino an antineutrino, such hallmarks of their origin are otherwise negligible as evident in the neutron oscillations.

Please refer to the theory of quantum gravity to further understand the neutrino.

A foot note:

(Please note that, the amazing feature of the force quanta having their own signature to stay intact individually is a feature of life. We also find decay being only the mode of change of form and therefore, decay being the fundamental feature of growth, which is the fundamental feature of life. Thus, the emergence of mass or generally the emergence of the Universe is the first step in the emergence of life and that first step is not the emergence of the chemical molecule or the emergence of the living cell as we like to think. That makes the Universe a part of the amazing saga of life and that means not only us the living beings, plants and fungi but the Universe is also the manifestation of life. Therefore, revealing the saga of he Universe can only be complete if we continue to reveal the saga of life as a whole.

The author of this thesis claims to have done just that by solving the great ‘Riddle of Life’ in a book almost ready for publication under the title of ‘The Outrage and the Idyll’.  Just as all the great mysteries of the Universe are exposed in this thesis; the book exposes the great mystery behind the ‘natural selection’, the fundamental process of life in solving the great ‘Riddle of Life’. Thus, it completes the mankind’s dazzling odyssey into the unknown that began with this thesis .The book also delivers you a peaceful and fair new world.)

                                                                                                                                 top

Spin – not intrinsic motion but a reaction

The spin of particles is accepted as an intrinsic character without giving any reasons for the phenomenon or for our conclusion since, being unable to understand the facts behind this physical phenomenon. In physics we cannot just believe in the aspects of a phenomenon. Belief is for metaphysics and not for physics. Physics must explain all physical phenomena and, if not, our physics boarders on or lean on metaphysics.

The laws of motion in space established with this thesis imply that all physical phenomena must emerge in reaction. That means there is no intrinsic motion of particles. Therefore, ‘Spin’ is not an intrinsic character of matter but a reaction and of course, the reaction is due to an intrinsic character of matter. If we explain that in simple language, spin is not an intrinsic character of matter, but due to an intrinsic character of matter that needs to be encountered or to be faced with for a reaction – spin to emerge. The difference between the two is, spin in the first case is a phenomenal spontaneous aspect and in the latter, spin is clearly a reaction emerging through interactions. Now it is easy for us to find the facts behind this reaction.

If spin is a reaction due to an intrinsic character of matter, what is that particular character and what makes us define that character or ability as intrinsic? When ‘intrinsic’ means ‘part of the basic nature’, we must understand the composition of particles to categorise or define spin as the basic nature of particles. We did not have such knowledge to call particle spin as intrinsic. Instead, it was due to the lack of knowledge in the basis of the emergence of matter that we thought spin as an intrinsic character of matter and that means spinning spontaneously. Now when we probe alone these lines we will find the facts behind the phenomenon of spin specially because, we already know how the electric forces and mass emerged and what the electric force and magnetism are.

Mass is a secondary aspect and force is the fundamental aspect in the Universe. Therefore, we must first probe on why force carrying massless particles spin. Then, with that knowledge we will be able to understand why particles of mass also spin. The greatest fact that emerges in our probe or analysis of the subject is the force-mass equivalence. The strong nuclear force gives us the best example on force-mass equivalence by turning into the primary building blocks of the Universe – the quarks that make the atomic nucleus. The massless gluons that do not exist freely are more or less virtual particles that carry the strong force only momentarily by turning into quark combinations. Since turned into quarks, gluons could emerge with the partial or total annihilation of the quarks and give rise to yet another quark combination again. If force doesn’t equal mass, the quarks cannot emerge, annihilate and re-emerge through gluons. Please refer to the theory of everything for more information on force-mass equivalence and to understand why there are no free gluons.

A force is a bubbly aspect and that means a force is always excited and lively (active) and that has to be the basic nature of a fundamental physical force because, any element cannot be a force of nature without being spontaneously active within by itself. Therefore, force carriers (force quanta/gauge bosons) will be always active primarily within and that means not in the visible realm. Any motion in the visible realm must emerge in reaction to the natural character within.

Thus, spin of massless particles is due to massless particles being force carriers that are active within; and spin of particles of mass is due to mass originating from a force with the inherent characteristics of the force and necessarily the particles being in a physical medium mediating a force (gravity or magnetism) where spinning emerges in reaction to the medium; and therefore, spin is great evidence on force-mass equivalence.

A force maybe always active; nevertheless, as the laws of motion in space imply, if there is no medium in space for a reaction to emerge in physical contact since no force generally radiates (emit force carrying particles), a force will only be active within the quantum (or particle) and as we have already analysed the case when we discussed the space, where the space is absolute, an isolated force quantum cannot be physically active – move in any manner. If there are numerous quanta in absolute space but if they stay separated, they cannot still move in any manner as the space around them is absolute and although the force within the quanta is active in whatever existed form, they do not radiate the force to be physically active in reaction to whatever that is also in space. Thus, if there is nothing in abundance to fill the space to physically interact with the force carriers, no action would emerge in reaction. We have already discussed the laws in such physical phenomena. Therefore, now we understand that a medium must exist in space for any physical phenomena to take place in reaction and the abundance of matter that fills the space is that medium. Thus, when a fundamental force is naturally active within, the foremost reaction of the force carriers in space would be to spin in reaction to the medium in space. The reaction of spinning is due to the force carriers trying to orientate (position) against each other or generally speaking – against the surrounding particles. The force carriers cannot have a static position when in physical union, due to their inherent character of motion within. Therefore, due to that inherent character, they must spin and also travel in a medium in reaction to the medium.

Now, what made us think spin being an intrinsic character of matter is the fact that not all matter spin the same way and that means matter spins just a few different ways. That is because, although spin is a reaction, the reaction emerges due to the inherent or intrinsic character of motion matter has within. Therefore, we can loosely call spin is an intrinsic character of matter but in that case we have not understood the phenomenon at all. Now with our probe we understand why and how the phenomenon of spin emerges. Since spin is due to an intrinsic character within matter that has to be encountered to emerge in reaction in the visible realm, the different spin types imply the fact that different kinds of motion take place within matter and the particle spin emerges in reaction according to that motion within them. Now, the physics of this phenomenon is becoming quite interesting and important since we are going to expose more fundamental facts with this little wonder.

Particle spin exposes the fact that, force concentration being the process of the emergence and the evolution of the Universe where everything has emerged through an underlying force. Now we can understand that, it is due to different levels of force concentrations giving rise to different types of particles that they have slightly different intrinsic motion within and all that is due to being emerged through a force in the first place. Thus, the fundamental force gravity concentrated in extreme temperature and gave rise to two concentrated forces that we see as electric forces due to their enormously enhanced power as concentrated forces. In the theory of the electric forces, we discussed what happens in the force concentration. The concentrated forces emerge in the wave form with the strength of the force increased according to the level of concentration. All these phenomena takes place within the force carriers and thus, we can see a difference in the intrinsic motion within the fundamental force carriers (quantum gravity) that are not subjected to concentration and the force carriers of the concentrated forces, due to the way they spin in reaction. While the fundamental force carriers quantum gravity neutrino is of spin 1/2, the force carriers of the two concentrated forces or the electric forces the photon and the gluon are of spin 1 since the intrinsic motion of the highly concentrated force within them behaves differently to the basic force in the neutrino. Then again, mass emerged with further concentration of the electric forces; and spin in reaction according to their inherent motion within and thus, we see particles of mass with spin 1, 1/2 and also of spin 3/2.

Thus, particle spin proves gravity being the fundamental force through which everything else emerge; neutrino being the quantum gravity; the electric forces being concentrated forces of gravity; mass being a concentrated form of the electric forces and force concentration being a factor in deciding the particle spin.

The medium encompassing all of space of the Universe is mainly of two force carriers – namely the quantum gravity ‘neutrino’ and the electromagnetic force carrier ‘photon’ and a particle of mass, the electron. These three particles are the most abundant particles in the Universe to have filled the space of the Universe in establishing a medium in space for all physical phenomena and they spin in reaction to each other. Spin keeps the particles separate despite they are attracted to each other with their attractive force and therefore, spin facilitate the other vital motion – the travel of particles.

Spin and travel are the most fundamental and of course, the primary motions required in the universe for all other phenomena to emerge. Therefore, mass must originate from a force to inherit its characteristics (the liveliness and strictly speaking the wave nature since mass emerge through concentrated force) that would give mass the ability of motion within intrinsically and in reaction outwardly – strictly speaking, to ‘Spin’ in reaction in the first place. Now with such facts we can understand how false and unintelligent the so called energy mass equivalence was.                                    

                                                                                                                                top

Why Spin is Angular?

Why matter spin at an angle (with an angular spin axis) or simply, why spin is angular is another physical phenomenon that we are yet to understand. Here the secret lies with magnetism. Nevertheless, since we did not understand what magnetism really is or how exactly magnetism emerges, we could not understand why spin is angular. However, now we understand what magnetism is and how the phenomenon emerges and we have just discussed why, matter spin. Thus, now we are ready to understand why the spin of matter is angular or else why the spin axis is angular generally to be about 23.5º?

All matter including the gauge bosons but except the quantum gravity are of concentrated force gravity and therefore, of waves. When we discussed the emergence of magnetism we understood the fact that magnetism is an enhancement of the existing force due to the polarisation of the force under the spinning of matter since the concentrated forces are in wave form that polarises. When the force of a particle is polarised (which also proves the force-mass equivalence) the particle’s spin axis aligns with the polarity of the field which, also proves the space is a medium and more or less a magnetic field rather than a gravitational field since except the neutrino all particles that fill the space have a magnetic moment due to their spin; and the alignment of the spin axis happens to be at an angle. The following figure I and figure II of an experiment with magnets give an approximate and an exaggerated example respectively of the angular phenomenon.

Figure 1                                   Figure II

Interestingly, with the fact that the angular alignment of the spin axis is due to the particles developing a magnetic moment in their spin, the neutrino that doesn’t develop a magnetic moment since it is not a particle of waves, should not spin at an angle like the other particles. However, it will be quite a task for us to check on that since the elusive neutrino is not a charged particle that would leave a trace in our experiments.

                                                                                                                                        top

 Time is of two facets

 and

is absolute and eternal for old time’s sake

Time by definition is ‘Duration’ and the duration which flows can be measured between two events or of an event if we have a standard measure of time.  The duration keeps flowing moment by moment and in that respect, the moment that has elapsed is the ‘Past’, the moment in focus is the ‘Present’ and the next moment to come is the ‘Future’. Thus, ‘Time’ is a non-physical independent feature that flows eternally irrespective of whether there is anything or nothing. Therefore, time is absolute and we cannot influence or affect the flow of time by any means.

Time, where the present moment becomes the past the next moment in making the past and present and the future as a continuous whole or simply as the duration is a fundamental absolute aspect that exists in the eternal infinite space irrespective of whether there is anything or nothing in that infinite space; because, time is not a physical aspect. Time’s non-physical existence and the free flow are simply evident with the existence of the mind.  Therefore, time flows independently of any physical phenomena. Since time is nothing physical and flows independently of any physical phenomena, time is only a silent feature and not a factor that could initiate any physical phenomena. Time becomes a factor only due to the motion of mass because, motion – strictly speaking the speed of motion is time based. Therefore, motion is the physical evidence of the flow of time rather than time deriving through the motion of mass. Since time flows independent of any physical phenomena, time is unaffected by any physical phenomena. That means time cannot be influenced or affected otherwise by any means and therefore, flows constantly forever. Thus, the so called ‘time dilation’ is only a matter with our ignorance and we shall analyse that in due course to understand what seems like time dilation that deceives us in our ignorance. (The so called time dilation is a misconception due to the problem of simultaneity in space for two observers. However, it is best to forget the bygone day reference frame physics because we need hard facts rather than logical thinking.)

There are two things that exist eternally and are infinite. One, as we have already understood in this thesis is the ‘Space’ which, being nothingness that exists eternally since nothingness doesn’t have a beginning or an end, and the other is ‘Time’, a silent non-physical free flowing feature that exists in the infinite Space irrespective of whether there is anything or nothing. Time does not derive through ‘Motion’ (of mass) as generally understood or rather misunderstood. Time flows, independent of any physical phenomena because time being the moment that elapses in making the duration up to the present of the existence or the non-existence of anything is not a physical aspect. Nevertheless, all physical phenomena are time dependant since the basis of all physical phenomena is motion and the speed of the motion is the time factor of any phenomenon.

However, ‘Time’ or the duration is a feature that is equally relevant to nothingness just as to the existence of substances and thus, a silent independent feature that flows constantly and eternally, irrespective of whether there is anything or nothing. While that is quite obvious to the mind, to understand the continuous flow of time irrespective of the non-existence of anything physical, let us assume for instance that there is absolutely nothing in the infinite space and then something magically appears and exists for 10 minutes and disappears. Then, absolute nothingness prevails for five minutes and another thing appears and disappears in 10 minutes. In here, although there was no physical motion for the flow of time to be evident before the appearance or after the disappearance of the first thing, time kept flowing and it was five minutes after the disappearance of the first thing that the second thing appeared. In this example if we like to think that, it is in five minute intervals that the said things could magically appear, it is easy for us to understand ‘time’ being a silent feature that flows freely and eternally irrespective of whether there is anything or nothing simply because of the eternal existence of nothingness – the Space – the stage for all phenomena physical or otherwise. In that respect, time is the only non-physical phenomenon that exists. The eternal infinite Space being nothingness is neither a factor nor a phenomenon. Time is neither physical nor metaphysical just as all facts are. The continuous free flow of time is a fundamental fact that exists. That is what time is basically.

Strictly speaking, time is the free flow of the present moment into the past. That means time only elapses and therefore, time only flows backwards. Thus, there is evidence on the existence of the past and the present but not of future. The existence of the future is only theoretical. However, physical motion that doesn’t seem to end at present clearly suggests the existence of the future. Nevertheless, the transience or the impermanence of the physical realm makes the existence of the future only theoretical. While such an extent of the analysis of time can be regarded as philosophical,   we need to understand a phenomenon properly by every means. When time is the moment that elapses, time is strictly the duration of the moment. However, being a non-physical element, the moment has no evidence on its duration. Thus, it is in our logical thinking that we assess the moment to be of the shortest duration. 

While time is basically an independent non-physical free flowing aspect and therefore, not a factor that initiates any physical phenomena in the absence of physical motion; and where the physical motion is present, the speed of motion makes time a factor in all physical phenomena since all physical phenomena emerge through motion. Thus, time being a factor due to physical motion is the other aspect of time.

In that respect, the duration of the speed of motion in whatever motion is inseparable from motion because the time taken by the speed of the motion is the basic factor in any physical phenomena. Thus, it is not merely the time or the motion but ‘Speed-time’ the basic factor behind any physical phenomena. That means our linking of Space and Time together is wrong and meaningless where, ‘Space’ being nothingness wasn’t created; and ‘Space’ being nothingness is not a property to stretch or curve or in other words, to be dynamic; and therefore, ‘Space’ being nothingness is not a factor in any respect. Time is also nothing physical and therefore, basically not a factor. Nevertheless, time is an amazing feature because, unlike the space, time being the duration, keeps flowing freely. The present moment continuously elapses. However, if there is nothing, we cannot distinguish the past from the present because there is no physical evidence. Nevertheless, time keeps flowing and we understood it with the example of imaginary magical things appearing in every five minute intervals. Thus, due to the flow or the continuous elapsing of the present moment, time has the ability to manifest through physical motion because; the time taken by any physical motion is evident in the very phenomenon. The space did not emerge with the Universe. Therefore, the space is not expanding. That means the space has no motion to manifest in time or for time’s manifestation to be evident in an expanding space. The eternal space is infinite and absolute. It is the Universe that expands in the eternal infinite space. Thus, time’s relativity is with the motion of the Universe and that means its speed of expansion.  Therefore, the size of the Universe is speed-time’s manifestation through an x number of years based on the time scale we have invented. Thus, the factor in the expanding Universe or in any other phenomena is the speed-time. Therefore, speed-time is the fourth dimension of the Universe.    

However, what we must not forget in the speed-time linkage is, whatever the speed of the motion is, the flow of time is constant for all phenomena because, time flows independent of any physical phenomena.  

Now we understand ‘Time’ as an independent aspect that keeps flowing eternally, irrespective of whether there is anything or nothing. That means the idea of time deriving through the motion of mass is wrong. That wrong notion was due to believing that there was not even the space in existence before the emergence of the Universe. But the idea of no space proved to be highly unintelligent as the space is not a thing but the emptiness, the void and therefore, the space is boundless and eternal since nothingness cannot have a beginning or and end. Thus, the Universe emerged in the eternal boundless space that we have defined as the ‘infinite absolute vacuum’ where time was flowing eternally since the flow of time is non-physical and independent of any physical phenomena.

However, the foremost fundamental law of the nature is ‘nothing could ever emerge from nothing’ and therefore, the emergence of mass is not a magical or phenomenal event as the emergence of the Universe known to us, but due to the physical existence of the source of the mass, the force. If we like to think that anything physical must have a beginning, that is of course logical thinking; but unfortunately for such logical thinking, time is an eternal factor due to being a non-physical element and due to the eternal existence of the boundless void and the source of mass, the force that is always conserved and on the other hand, the evolution and the nature of the Universe that suggests its ultimate fate (yet to be discussed) also suggests that its emergence is cyclic due to the conservation of  the source of mass – the force; and therefore, we cannot find the foremost beginning of a recurrent series of an event, let alone finding how and when the source or the initiating factors of that event first came into existence, just as we cannot find the beginning or the end of a circle. Thus, without a clue, mind cannot travel to explore the unknown and therefore, we find the limit of our intuition where there is no clue. Nevertheless, we have enough clues to understand the ultimate fate of the Universe. Understanding the ultimate fate of the Universe in the first place will help us understand the origin of the Universe, especially because; there is the force-mass equivalence and the conservation of force and therefore, the force, the source of mass is never lost. Thus, it doesn’t matter if we cannot understand when and how that force first came into existence if there was such a beginning. But the fundamental law of nature ‘nothing could ever emerge from nothing’ implies otherwise. That means there cannot be such a beginning where anything emerged from nothing; and therefore, the existence of the force has to be eternal. That is the only realistic conclusion we can arrive at according to the available facts.  In that respect the fundamental law of nature holds true at least from our emergence and evolution through a few billion years. What more evidence could we seek on the credibility of that law unless one does not hesitate to show his or her ignorance?

Anyhow, since the underlying force that gave rise to the Universe is conserved, its existence after the destruction of the Universe will certainly give rise to yet another Universe because, we already know certain aspects of the nature of that force. Hence, all we need to understand is the process of the emergence of the Universe in detail. With the conservation of force, the force – the source of mass existing in the eternal infinite space is quite clear and therefore the existence of physical motion of that force is also clear to us; and thus, time flowing eternally and being a factor due to the existence of motion is a fundamental fact and the two aspects, time and motion are inseparable since any motion is of a duration based on the speed of the very motion. Therefore, the duration of the speed of motion is the time factor in any physical phenomena. Where motion is of various forms that includes the foremost physical motion ‘decay’ – the change of form that take place in the microscopic realm, the speed of motion is the basis of motion that counts in the duration of whatever physical phenomena. Thus, the basic factor behind all physical phenomena is ‘Speed-time’.

When time is basically a non-physical aspect that keeps flowing eternally and independent of any physical phenomena, the ideas such as time dilation and time flowing backwards are baseless and nonsensical. Clocks travelling in space running slow is not time dilation since the flow of time is not due to there being clocks. Therefore, there is no reason for someone who may travel in space at a constant speed or even at the speed of light for x number of years, to be younger than his earth based twin brother on his return to earth, simply because his clock has been running slower than his earth based twin brother’s clock. (The space traveller’s ageing process instead of his clock must slow down for him to become younger to his twin brother on earth, and we shall look into that in due course.) If the space traveller’s clock which was synchronised with his earth based twin brother’s clock before his space odyssey is now one year behind his twin brother’s clock on his return to earth, does it mean time has dilated on the space traveller and now he is one year younger than his twin brother? If so, what if his earth based twin brother knew about the time dilation implied by the theory of Special Relativity and wishing to be of the same age of his brother, turned back his own clock by one year on the arrival of his brother from space? If he did just that, according to time dilation implied by the special relativity, both men should be younger by one year because; if the clock’s mechanism slowing down for the space traveller due to whatever phenomenon means time dilation for the traveller, the same fact must be true to his earth based twin brother if he chose to turn back his clock, to be younger by one year or in other words, to match his twin brother’s age on his return to earth. Nothing more has to be said about the so called time dilation.

Nevertheless, the absurdity of that hypothesis and of the twin paradox which prolong the discussion on the matter over a century must be very well exposed for everybody to understand.

If the magical emergence of the Universe from nothing and especially, in its own space cocoon is true, we can of course say that, time started flowing with the emergence of the Universe because; according to the hypothesis even the Space emerged with the Universe and therefore, we cannot suggest otherwise. However, time starting to flow for the first time with the so called origin of the Universe (if assumed) and continuing to flow are two different aspects. Time being the duration for any physical phenomena (let us forget the other side of it and that is, time being a factor due to physical phenomena) time must of course start flowing with the emergence of a phenomenon. Therefore, according to the fairytale account of the origin of the Universe if there was no space and the Universe emerged creating its own space, then time must start flowing with the emergence of that phenomenon that we call the emergence of the Universe. However, time is still the moment that elapses and that is nothing physical and quite obviously the present moment flowing into the past is independent of any physical phenomena. If time derives from physical motion, where physical motion is various, what exactly is the kind of motion responsible for the flow of time is the question. Therefore, it is absurd to think that, time derives from the motion of mass or the flow of time could be affected by any physical phenomena. Time is basically a non-physical constant and that means an unchanging aspect.

That means the flow of time is constant anywhere in the Universe and under whatever condition. What’s more? The flow of time is constant in the whole of infinite absolute vacuum where even other Universes may exist. However, without going that far, if we stick to our Universe and consider that, another intelligent civilisation in another galaxy has a time scale broader than ours so that their time is running slower compared to ours, (provided everything else about life among them and us are same)  does that mean they live longer than us? The answer is ‘no’ because, time does not derive through our clock or their clock just as in the twin paradox, but as always, time is an independent constant which we could measure according to our choice like we have done and the other civilisation has done. Thus, all we could manage to do in that respect is make our measure of time shorter or longer than the other people’s measure so that our ‘second’ is shorter or longer than theirs, but the free flowing ‘time’ wouldn’t even know about it. 

When time is an independent non-physical constant in the infinite absolute vacuum regardless of whether there is a Universe or not, it is the existence of physical motion due to the existence of the Universe that makes time a factor due the speed of the motion but of course, a factor necessarily for the very phenomenon where the particular motion takes place. Where the flow of time is independent of any physical phenomena, it is the duration of the motion based on the speed of the motion that becomes the basic factor of a physical phenomenon and that means ‘speed-time’ of the phenomenon is that basic factor. Thus, speed-time of one particular phenomenon is not a factor for a different phenomenon because motion is of various kinds and speed may still vary even for two individual phenomena of the same type of motion. For instance, the Earth’s spinning speed is not the same for the planet Mass or any other planet.

Therefore, when speed-time is the factor for any physical phenomena and time is always an independent constant, what we generally call the time factor can only vary by a variation in the speed of motion of a phenomenon. The aging process of us humans or of all living organisms is the decay of the cells since living cells are the primary building blocks of life. The decaying process is also a type of motion and that means the breakdown of the wave function in the microscopic realm. Thus, speed-time is a basic factor in our decaying process which makes us grow old. Therefore, it is possible for us to stay young longer by slowing down the speed of our decay process if we have the ways and means of doing that. And, if we do that, we are not dilating or defying the time which is absolute and untouchable, but defying the speed-time of our aging process which is a physical phenomenon and the actual flow of time which is independent of any physical phenomena is still constant as always is.

The so-called time dilation is a great misconception based on an amazing fact that we shall discuss next; and a shame on human intelligence since, believing one stays young when his clock running slow.

The amazing fact that led to the misconception of time dilation is the fact that we can slow down our ageing process and live longer if we can travel in space closer to the speed of light. Although right now we cannot think of travelling at such great speed, the elementary particles that travel at near the speed of light have their life span extended and we know that since some of them are usually unstable and that means short lived particles and their lifetime is increased when they travel closer to the speed of light. The phenomenon is due to the slowing down of their decay process and that is not time dilation but speed-time dilation of the decay process.

Earlier when we discussed the force concentration and the emergence of the electric forces and mass, we discussed how electric forces are emerging with a wave function due to force concentration, and mass emerging through the electric forces inheriting the wave function. What we call the radioactive decay of mass is the breakdown of the wave function. Radioactivity is an electrical phenomenon associated with the wave nature of the force that turned into mass. Waves travel at the speed of light and therefore, when a particle travel closer to the speed of light its wave function is functioning almost properly and thus the decay process and that means the radioactivity within the particle is delayed, slowed down or we could say, ‘becomes less intense’ and therefore the decay of the particle is slowed down and as a result the particle’s lifetime is extended. Quite clearly that is not time dilation but simply, dilation of the decay process of the particle. This is the same phenomenon that would take place in a human body just as in an atomic clock (not a mechanical clock) in high speed space travel and the decay of the living cells will be slowed down. That means not growing old quickly and as a result, living longer.  

Thus, if anybody’s twin brother goes on a space odyssey for some years at high speed and that means closer to the speed of light, his speed of travel has something to do with his aging process and that means the two phenomena are relative to each other and therefore, he would be younger to his twin brother on his return.

The so called twin paradox only refers to someone’s clock running slow due to certain physical phenomena like strong gravitation affecting the clock’s working mechanism and that means speed-time of the clock’s working mechanism is slower in a strong gravitational field compared to the earth’s gravitational field where the clock has been calibrated. What has the space traveller’s clock’s speed-time got to do with the speed-time of his aging process especially if the clock is purely mechanical? The answer is – ‘nothing’. Speed-time of one phenomenon is not relevant to another and most importantly, speed-time has nothing to do with the actual flow of time. It is where our measure of time counts – for our calculations of the time factor on any physical phenomena. Speed of motion is the real time factor in any physical phenomenon. When speed depends on the duration of time it takes, the time taken by the speed of motion is inseparable as a basic factor in a phenomenon. Therefore,

‘Time factor necessarily means the speed-time factor for any physical phenomena’,

and we must establish that fact as a basic low in astrophysics for guidance. However, we have been applying the square root of speed of light without knowing that law.

The idea of time flowing backwards is even more nonsensical than time dilation. Now it is crystal clear that is total lack of understanding of what ‘time’ is or means. Now we can understand that the so called time dilation affecting the global positioning systems is not really time dilation but clocks showing different times due to distance between locations and gravitational factors. When speed could locally annul gravity in space travel, certainly such a phenomenon would affect not only the working mechanism of a clock but even of a locomotive in space. Thus, global positioning systems must compensate for any discrepancy in time at different locations in space. While time is non-physical and therefore absolute, ‘time’ for us humans means ‘speed-time’ of a device made to indicate time as we have agreed upon convention and the speed-time of a clock whether it is an atomic clock or a mechanical clock, is a physical phenomenon vulnerable to be affected by certain physical phenomena and that is not time dilation and the simplest proof on that is whether one’s clock would run slow or not run at all, the Sun will rise and fall as usual

                                                                      * * *                                              top

 ‘Speed-time’ – the fourth dimension of the Universe

We analysed space and time in this thesis and found both these aspects to be non-physical, absolute and infinite entities of eternal existence and without any links to each other. Both these aspects being non-physical and absolute, they are not factors that could initiate anything to happen. Therefore, they have no place in physics. But in that case, one may wonder how we came this far using the term that was coined in the 5^th century AD by a clergyman. Fortunately, space-time only referred to the dimensions of the Universe instead of the space and used where the dimensions of the Universe instead of true space mattered since we have never encountered or would ever encounter for that matter the infinite absolute vacuum that we refer to as space beyond the perimeter of the Universe. Thus, for us, space means the space occupied by the Universe and that space is finite and conditioned by the Universe. If not for that fact, the space generally being absolute nothingness is not an aspect for the concern of physical science. On the other hand, time being a non-physical aspect and therefore, not being a factor that initiates any physical phenomena, the linkage of time to space the nothingness was utterly useless especially because both these aspects are eternal. That means where the space has not emerged at a given point, the flow of time was also eternal and thus, cannot be linked to space; and for that matter, space being infinite nothingness, cannot be created and infinite nothingness has no beginning or an end in the first place. Please refer to the trilogy of the vacuum for the comprehensive understanding of the space. Let us now put to rest, the meaningless space-time after misleading us for 1500 long years. It is ‘speed-time’ of the Universe, with the new physics of the 21^st century. Let’s see what it means.

Physics is not the science of merely anything physical as we tend to call loosely, but necessarily of anything physical that has the ability to change and therefore, associated with motion. That is the correct definition of physics as a science in the 21^st century. With that redefinition of physics, it is quite clear that there is no point in there being anything physical if motion is also not an aspect of that thing because, without motion of whatever kind, anything happening is not possible of that thing. Thus, if motion is not an aspect of all substances, nothing else is possible and we wouldn’t be here in the first place; let alone anything called ‘physics’. Fortunately or interestingly, all substances are associated with motion of some kind – travel (move) in space, spin or at least decay. However, we cannot take that for granted and therefore, the requirement for something to come under physics is that, it must be a material thing associated with motion. If so, the space is being the absolute nothingness, the void or the vacuum, also sans any motion and therefore, not an aspect concerning physics. We have already established the fact that the space is being the infinite nothingness cannot be created and therefore, there is no such thing called the expanding space and without being a property the space is not elastic or stretching. We have already proven that such ideas being absurd hypotheses. Thus, the space being nothingness and needless to say that is including no motion, the linkage of space with time was absurd.

Time, on the other hand is also an aspect that is non-physical. Nevertheless, unlike the motionless space, time flows. Although time the duration or the moment that elapses is a non-physical aspect just as a mind matter especially if there is nothing physical, something physical is always present (due the conservation of the fundamental force) and since whatever that is physical is always associated with motion, the flow of time is a fact that is quite obvious. What is also obvious in here is time being a non-physical aspect and therefore time by itself not being a factor, and yet, time spontaneously links to the motion of mass to be a factor in every physical phenomenon because time is an aspect that moves and therefore, anything that moves moves relative to the flow of time. However, absolute space being nothingness cannot have motion even if we try to link anything to space because infinite nothingness is not a thing even as an idea like the moment that elapses. (Only a truly finite space like a black hole can be considered a thing and being a thing a finite space is associated with emergence and motion etc. Nevertheless, our idea of space (the vacuum) in physics is not a black hole although our idea of a black hole is a finite absolute vacuum. Therefore, infinite absolute vacuum that we loosely call ‘space’ cannot be linked arbitrarily with time to make it a factor since the space has no motion. Thus, where the motion of mass is present, time becomes a factor in any physical phenomena due to the speed of motion in any kind of motion being a varying aspect and therefore, speeds of motion becoming a time dependant aspect.

The space did not emerge as we have thought prior to this thesis. Nothingness doesn’t need a beginning and nothingness is necessarily infinite and eternal. If nothingness the void is finite, then there must be something around it and what could there be if the infinite void wasn’t eternal is a matter of lunacy rather than physics. Thus, the Universe emerged in the infinite absolute vacuum and is expanding. Due to that motion, the otherwise three dimensional Universe acquires a forth dimension that we shall call ‘speed-time’.

The infinite space sans any dimension since infinity has no limits. As for the space occupied by the universe, needless to say the dimensions are the same as of the Universe. Although defined as a finite conditioned vacuum, what is finite of the space occupied by the Universe is only the condition of the space rather than the space.

*                                                             top

Now our path is clear enough and we have discarded some of our great misconceptions and therefore, have a better understanding of the Universe to focus our attention to the Theory of Everything to understand the existence of force and mass and their interrelationship and of course, all other physical phenomena emerging as consequences of that relationship. Let’s go to understand more of the amazing physics of the great cosmos. What is truly amazing is their simplicity. It’s a shame if anyone thought the Universe is extraordinary. Such is the way with our ignorance. Thus, the following ‘Theory of everything’ is true enlightenment in every respect.

The Theory of Everything

(Rest of the theories that follow are parts of the theory of everything just as how we arrived here due to the interconnectivity of physical phenomena in the Universe.)

The history leading to the need of the theory of everything

The theory of everything is regarded as the pinnacle of all the theories of physics and certainly the turning point of modern cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics in this 21^st century as our progress is marred by our ignorance on too many vital aspects of the cosmos. When the emphasis on the theory is such, just as its creation of history, the history leading to the need of it is an important aspect for the future generations of physicists to understand especially the development of astrophysics as a science.

During especially the last three centuries, the 18^th, 19^th, and the 20^th we understood a great deal about the Universe. Nevertheless, the most fundamental aspects of the Universe including its emergence still remain to be understood. That means what we understand is some secondary phenomena of the Universe. Of course that is where to begin with understanding the physics of the Universe because; with the knowledge we gather in observing, analysing and understanding the phenomena of our time we could go further and further into understanding the origin of the Universe hidden behind an astronomical time span. But unfortunately, our progress is marred by a great misconception that has firmly rooted in us to drive us astray. That is the false ‘energy-mass equivalence’.

The physics of the Universe is entirely based on the emergence of mass because, mass means the Universe. But of course, that is only apparently. That means there is an invisible part of the Universe that makes everything possible and that is the physical forces of nature responsible for the origin of mass and also for governing the mass. Does the so called energy also equal the forces? Nobody has ever said so; perhaps because it is obviously not true due to the existence of the physical forces. Thus, even if we like to think energy equals mass, it explains only a part of the Universe since the role of the forces cannot be accounted for, and on the other hand, energy cannot equal mass since energy is something always expendable and therefore not conservable unlike we have greatly misunderstood in our ignorance. (Please refer to the theory on the ‘conservation of the fundamental force’.) Anything that is not conservable cannot be a fundamental aspect of the Universe and therefore, anything that is not a fundamental aspect of the Universe cannot give rise to mass because, what equals mass must be conservable for the emergence, evolution and the existence of the Universe over a great time span. Therefore, what equals mass should explain a great deal of basic physics of the Universe. However, the so-called energy that supposed to have emerged from nowhere is in fact nowhere for us to analyse to understand what it is and therefore, nothing but imaginary and deceptive. On the other hand, the fact remains that, any energy is a product of a process of whatever the substances that maybe in the process; and thus, the energy that emerges in a process is not a fundamental aspect that is  conserved and since its emergence depends on a process, energy cannot equal mass as mass must be the secondary form of the first and foremost fundamental aspect of the Universe and most importantly, that aspect must be a physical force of nature because, mass must emerge with the intrinsic characteristics of a force of attraction (There is no repulsive physical force of nature. However, an attractive force can be repulsive by some means and it is discussed as we go.) for motion to emerge in reaction and that means for the evolution of the Universe. If mass and the fundamental physical forces are to be separate distinct aspects, the forces cannot govern mass because there is no link between the two. Thus, mass must emerge from a force to inherit the characteristics of the force. That is undisputable physics and therefore, we have established that requirement as a primary law of physics with this thesis. Nevertheless, we came across many a fact that imply the requirement of mass to be emerging through a physical force of nature to inherit the characteristics of that force in order to initiate or respond to physical phenomena beginning with primary motions such as spin and travel that must emerge in reaction.

Unfortunately, due to our ignorance on such facts, we have accepted a theory on the origin of the Universe which is based on some imaginary energy that is inexplicable to say the least. Hence, we practice quantum physics based on energy-mass equivalence without there being the ‘quantum energy’ since the so called energy is imaginary to begin with and needless to say that our progress is marred. We cannot understand the physics of the very beginning of the Universe that we have accepted, since, the beginning that has been depicted in the big bang theory is mysterious if not mystical apart from the inexplicable energy that created it. Further, we know nothing about the force gravity so that we don’t even know of its force carrier (quantum gravity) and therefore, we are compelled to seek the unification of only the three electric forces (that we think there are) and yet, despite finding the temperature at which the grand unification suppose to occur, we still cannot understand the physics that would make the unification of the three forces possible. That is hardly surprising because we do not understand the fundamental forces. That is exactly why we think that there are three electric forces when there are only two. So, what is this grand unification we seek without even knowing the basic facts? Now, it is needless to say that, we need a theory of everything and nothing but a theory that explains everything in the Universe in terms of physics to get out of the jumble we are in because; so much is wrong in our cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics due to our misconceptions to say the least.  

There is no denying that, despite all our mistakes and misconceptions we have achieved great progress in some respect. Nevertheless, while hanging onto the energy-mass equivalence and the so-called pure energy of the vacuum that has no origin or the quantum, looking for a ‘Higgs Boson’ that supposes to give mass to elementary particles or at least to the so called weak gauge bosons, clearly suggests that our progress is distressingly inadequate. In one word, that means – pathetic. It is pathetic since human intelligence is obviously so advanced, yet, we don’t see that advancement in the field of astrophysics or in the related fields. Isn’t that why we think ‘nothingness’ – the void is a property that can be bent and stretched? Amazingly, there is no record of anybody questioning what that property is. Such is our ignorance. We do not know the difference between massless particles and particles of mass so that we think the neutrino has a bit of both. Isn’t that what it means when we say that the neutrino has tiny mass – not much? We do not understand the role of the fundamental forces. We do not understand how the electric forces have emerged and that is exactly why we seek the grand unification of forces without the force gravity. In any case, we know nothing about the force gravity to seek its unification with the electric forces.  But, before going into all that, we need to understand what equals mass and now with the need for a ‘Higgs boson’ to create mass despite upholding the energy mass equivalence, needless to say that the standard of our physics is truly pathetic since we are into elementary particle physics and worst still, into quantum physics without really knowing what equals mass or how mass emerge. Interestingly, the hypothesised Higgs boson is of mass and that means there ought to be two mechanisms for mass to emerge – one for the Higgs bosons and another for the elementary particles? What a jumble?   

The anticipatory existence of the Higgs boson was predicted by the electroweak theory. That draws our attention to the credibility of the electroweak theory because the idea of the so called Higgs boson is due to great misconceptions in us. What would be certainly shocking in that respect for our physicists to understand is that, there is no such thing called ‘the weak nuclear force’ to begin with, let alone finding a Higgs boson? Fortunately, the recently completed Large Hadron Collider built at the cost of 10 billion dollars mainly to look for the so called Higgs boson, will have other important use.  Radioactive decay of mass is a spontaneous electrical phenomenon that does not require a separate force since mass have emerged from the electric forces, electric charge is a feature in mass and most importantly, charge is part of the force that has concentrated further in the emergence of mass. Thus, there is no need of a separate force to induce decay into particles of mass, and a weaker force at that? On the other hand, there cannot be a weak force residing in the strong force and the electromagnetic force to induce radioactive decay in particles of mass because, such a unification of two forces that are different in strength is not possible. If we expect such a union of two forces that could still act individually, it is unphysical, a product of our ignorance.  We shall fully analyse these facts in this theory of everything. The electroweak theory may sound correct somewhat due to the basic fact true to the emergence of electric forces and mass. However, we have not understood that fact the ‘concentration of gravity’ until now. Thus, the fact behind the deceptive success of the electroweak theory is the force concentration through which, the electric forces and mass have emerged. Therefore, the merging of forces, a lesser force emerging through a higher force like the strong force and mass converting back into force or absorbing more force which is simply evident in the quark interactions, are all possible.

In the process of the concentration of the force gravity, the electric forces must emerge at different threshold temperatures to have different force concentrations compared to one another and therefore, to be of different strengths. However, no weak nuclear force emerged straight through the concentration of gravity as the strong force and the electromagnetic force emerged. Calling the so called weak nuclear force an intermediate force since its supposed carriers are particles of mass is of course cleaver. But unfortunately, due to the force-mass equivalence, mass is the secondary form of a force and therefore, the W and Z particles being of mass are not force carriers. On the other hand, the mistaken weak force carriers being virtual particles of mass, the so called intermediate force becomes a virtual force that has no time to do anything other than decay itself into some stable particles. What is the use of a weak nuclear force that does nothing else other than emerging and instantly vanishing? Interestingly, the W and Z particles themselves decay by radioactivity rather than by a weak nuclear force. In the introduction of this thesis we raised the question “where was the weak force prior to the emergence of the W and Z particles?” There cannot be a force of nature without the existence of the force carriers. Concentrated forces emerge from the underling force in the emergence of the universe and not afterwards. While some force carriers of the existing forces may emerge in particle interactions, if a new force of nature emerges as and when interactions of matter take place in different locations of the Universe, there cannot be a limit to the number of intermediate forces that could emerge and that is absurd even to think of. Thus, the emergence of the W and Z particles is not the emergence of the so called weak nuclear force because there was no weak nuclear force in action that gave rise or gives rise to the W and Z particles but the spontaneous radioactive decay of mass and certain particle interactions such as the electron positron interactions that give rise to the Z particle. (These phenomena are explained in the theory.)

In any case, and that means even if we assume that there is a fundamental force called the weak force, it is still wrong physics to say that the weak force is equal in strength to the EM force at a given high temperature – referred to as high energy. Let us see why. (Of course heat is energy, but the energy so far referred to in physics is not merely heat but something mysterious that assumed to be turning into mass.) Since concentration of force gravity is the basis of the emergence of the electric forces, if the temperature rises above the threshold temperature for the weak force, there won’t be a weak force but only the EM force and the strong force. Therefore, it is wrong to say the EM force and the weak force are equal at a given high temperature. The electric forces cannot change their strength at different temperatures because the strength of the force is due to the concentration of the fundamental force and that takes place only at a given temperature and therefore, below that threshold temperature, a force that has emerged is stable and above its threshold temperature the force does not exist. Thus, the electroweak theory which suggests the electromagnetic force and the so called weak nuclear force being equal at ‘high energy’ is basically wrong. And, it is false physics even to consider particles of mass to be force carriers.   

Further, the electroweak theory does not explain why the two forces are equal in strength at the so called high energy. We never knew of the electric forces being concentrated forms of gravity to do that. We have formulated the electroweak theory simply because we have failed to understand the facts or the true physics behind the observed phenomena relating to the matter. Thus, they have deceived us. If we know at what temperature a weaker force becomes equal in strength of a stronger force as we like to think, then the truth is, the weaker force has ceased to exist at that temperature and only the stronger force exists and calling the phenomenon ‘unification’ of the two forces is also wrong because the weaker force does not exist at that point as already mentioned. If anything, we could say that the weaker force has unified with gravity since the concentrated force has in fact dissolved back into quantum gravity – the basic force through which the electric forces emerge.

That means the so called ‘grand unification’ ‘super unification’ ‘unified super force’ are all due to our ignorance. The forces do not unify. Instead, since the electric forces have emerged through the fundamental force as enhanced forms of the fundamental force, if the process of their emergence is in reverse order, they cease to exist one by one until only the fundamental force itself exists and that means the electric forces could only dissolve into quantum gravity, their basis. It is the simple, yet the fascinating physics of the Universe.

Since, now we understand where we went wrong, we can correct our mistakes. In that respect, this thesis has so far cleared our path to a great extent. Hence, now we understand that, nothing could ever emerge from nothing, and that, there is no such thing called creating nothingness – space or the void, unless created within something. Since nobody would dare suggest within what the space of the Universe was created and what the so-called energy that turns into mass is, we can discard such pseudo physics and go about finding the facts in nature that remain to be discovered instead of inventing facts or twisting known facts according to what we think the Universe should be or its origin had to be.

The only way to explore the unknown is to understand the present phenomena correctly to find some clues on the unknown. If not, needless to say that we will be clueless in exploring the unknown. When most of the vital phenomena in the Universe that concern cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics are misconceived and misinterpreted, obviously we are clueless in looking for the theory of everything which, our imagination alone cannot deliver.

Now, in the turn of the 21^st century, this unprecedented grand thesis has changed that situation dramatically. Thus now, with our right understanding of merely two of the basic phenomena in the Universe – namely, magnetism and electricity alone we can go about unlocking almost all the mysteries in the Universe like it is child’s play, because the physics of the Universe is far too simple than we ever thought or would like to think. Nevertheless, the Space and Time, unlike first suggested by the Christian theologian Saint Augustine in the 5^th century AD, without being physical phenomena and without any relation to one another, are two aspects independent of the Universe altogether. Yet, in our ignorance we have made them inseparable physical aspects of the Universe and have been bending the space and stretching the time. If the wise who sees the mirage concludes that, its water that jiggles at far, what could the ignorant say? “He who knows not that he knows not is a fool; shun him” says an Arabian proverb. When, “if the facts don’t suit the theory, change the facts” had been the motto of an eminent theoretical physicist of the 20^th century, we wouldn’t know how many physicists of our time follow him. Such absurd attitudes that have been expressed openly cannot be forgotten or forgiven   for the advancement of physics because they certainly were not humour. Thus, if we hesitate with our decency, diplomacy or with our professionalism to bring such matters into light, we are indirectly marring the advancement of physics. We should not waste our time on those who took the advantage to shine on others’ ignorance. If that is not quite clear to some, we can only pity them. In fact, certain theories simply sound like they have been formulated in a mental asylum; yet, many a book has been written in their favour. And, there are those admired for their mathematical beauty, while their physics borders fairytales, proving mathematics work even on wrong theories. When such is modern physics, we took a scenic tour in finding the facts ourselves to our right understanding of these aspects from space and time to elementary particle physics and of course, in understanding some other vital physical phenomena of the Universe such as the commonly known black holes, wave propagation in space and the propagation of gravitational attractions of mass etc to mention a few.

Now, all the facts that we have found so far points to one thing that is responsible for everything else in the Universe and that thing is the least understood fundamental aspect of the Universe – the ‘force gravity’. What we understood in analysing magnetism and the electric charge alone confirms gravity to be the truly fundamental force that we were so eagerly waiting to call the ‘Superforce’. And the laws of physics that we have established with this thesis are the cornerstones that guide us in our path towards the theory of everything needed to understand the physics of the Universe. Thus, let us now compose the theory of everything in great confidence with undisputable pure facts that are already evident, in revolutionising cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics in this 21^st century and beyond.  

                                                                                                                                     top

Basic Concept

The Universe emerged from a single element that is of two aspects, of which, one is the basic inherent character and the other a phenomenon that emerges through the basic feature in a process. Certain other phenomena also emerge through these two features and therefore, everything in the Universe boils down to this single element which is a physical force of nature. Thus, the Universe is of one fundamental element and that is the ‘force gravity’. Our analysis of the basic physics of the Universe through the analysis of the quantum gravity, the electric charge and magnetism imply the fact that force concentration – strictly speaking, the ‘concentration of the force gravity’ being the basic physical process of the emergence and the evolution of the Universe. The strong force and the electromagnetic force have emerged through the concentration of the force gravity at very high temperatures. The best description or the definition for them is ‘concentrated forces’. Nevertheless, we may also refer to them as ‘electric forces’ since electric charge is a major phenomenon that emerges in the force concentration. Since emerged through a source, the concentrated forces are not truly fundamental forces; yet, we may continue to call them fundamental forces as we have been used to call them so, but most importantly because of their importance in the emergence and the evolution of the Universe. However, there is no force called the weak nuclear force as we have mistakenly identified a phenomenon. Radioactive decay of particles of mass is a spontaneous electrical phenomenon since mass emerges through the electric forces which is explained in this theory of everything. Mass and charge emerge through further force concentration and therefore, in the compression and contraction of the two electric forces. Thus, force gravity=electric forces=mass and charge squared by ‘c’. In short, there is the force-mass equivalence and strictly speaking, that is gravity-mass and charge equivalence since the electric forces are concentrated gravity. With that formula we can explain all physical phenomena in the Universe.

The formula F_G=F_E=mqc² even leads us to understand the origin of the Universe and other cosmological aspects such as ‘space’ and ‘time’ because; the conservation of the fundamental force imply the fact that the space and time being eternal for the existence of the fundamental force (gravity) for the emergence of the Universe. Concentration of the force gravity under extreme temperature is the basic process of the emergence of the Universe where two concentrated forces emerge and through further concentration of them, there emerge mass and electric charge in mass. Thus, everything emerging in ‘force concentration’ which means ‘force gravity equals electric forces which in turn equal mass and charge’ is the ‘Theory of Everything’ in short.

The force gravity also exists in its basic form as quanta (the neutrinos) to make the space of the Universe a medium together with especially the photon and the electron and of course, also with other particles that are in space, in order to make possible and facilitate motion of mass and the propagation of heat radiation, and for the mediation of gravitational attractions of mass which also bounds the Universe together with the help of magnetism. The existence of the quantum gravity ‘the neutrino’ is also vital for the emergence of particles in particle interactions where more gravity maybe needed or excess gravity has to be shed, by drawing from neutrinos  or by emitting neutrinos in the latter.  Nevertheless, contrary to our present understanding, the Universe from the microscopic scale to the macroscopic scale is governed by Magnetism that emerges as a reaction to the spin of particles in a gravitational field – in other words, in a medium. We shall discuss the dominance of magnetism in the Universe. Although magnetism is not a fundamental force, without it, there cannot emerge a Universe; there cannot evolve a Universe; and that means, there cannot exist a Universe. Thus, magnetism is equally important just as the fundamental forces are. In that respect, magnetism not being a fundamental force that is mediated by force carriers (quanta) and emerging in reaction is exactly what is needed. Let us go into the details of the amazing, yet, simple physics of the Universe. The Universe is mysterious no more; yet, amazing of course.

The Theory (Theory of everything)

The physics of the Universe discussed in this thesis imply the fact that the emergence of the Universe to be cyclic and therefore, the emergence of the Universe cannot be a magical or supernatural event as we have so far assumed it to be. The foremost law of physics imposes the fact that, nothing could ever emerge from nothing. If anything could emerge from nothing; that has nothing to do with physics but the occult and therefore, no physicist could suggest the theory of everything but a theory of the aftermath. Since the need is for the theory of everything concerning the physics of the Universe, we have in this thesis, correctly defined some of the basic aspects of the Universe to discard our misconceptions on them in order to get into the right path and also understood for the first time, certain other aspects that so far remained great puzzles obstructing our progress in cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics.

The Universe emerged in the eternal infinite void that we have defined in this thesis as the ‘infinite absolute vacuum’.

The Universe emerged from a single element and in a simple process. (How this element existed in the eternal and infinite absolute vacuum that we generally refer to as space is beyond our comprehension since the emergence of the Universe is quite clearly cyclic especially due to the conservation of the fundamental element and therefore, we cannot find the beginning of a recurrent series of events. Thus, we are compelled to assume that the existence of the fundamental element responsible for the emergence of all substances which makes the Universe as a whole is eternal.) In our search for the theory of everything, we found great facts and especially, laws of physics governing physical phenomena implying that a force is required for the process of the emergence, evolution and the existence of the Universe, and with the facts found in certain physical phenomena such as electricity and magnetism, it is quite clear that, the Universe emerged from a force of nature.

When everything in the Universe displays gravitational attractions, it is a great clue that points to force gravity being the foremost fundamental aspect of the Universe and the fact that the Universe must emerge from the very force for  mass to display the characteristics of that force proves gravity being the fundamental force. If mass, or anything for that matter, display gravitational attractions, they must emerge or in other words, originate from the very force to inherit its characteristics. Thus, the display of gravitational attractions by everything in the Universe is not merely a clue, but the hard fact that everything has originated from the force gravity. Magnetism that emerges as polarised electric forces where the electric forces are concentrated force gravity is also clear evidence on the link between gravity and electric forces. A particle whether it is massless or of mass, cannot have a magnetic moment if gravity the force of attraction is not the basis of the electric forces and mass. Electric charge that emerges in the concentration of the force gravity and especially, the electric charge emerging after the emergence of mass in great force concentration are also undeniable evidence on the gravity-mass equivalence based on force concentration.

Therefore, the ‘Theory of everything’ in short is, the concentration of the force gravity being the fundamental process of the emergence and the evolution of the Universe, ‘force gravity=forces electric=mass and charge squared by c’. Just as mentioned above, in our analysis of the emergence of magnetism and the electric charge, we have found undeniable great facts on the gravity-electric forces-mass and charge equivalence to be the truth rather than merely a theory because, the facts we have found proves the case also with hard evidence that we have already observed in physical phenomena such as particle interactions where all three forces are at play in tandem and that proves the electric forces emerging through the concentration of the force gravity. Nevertheless, we shall analyse certain particle interactions to seal the correctness of this theory since their physics wasn’t very well understood so far.  

What is expected of the theory of everything is, to explain the physics of the Universe in terms of the existence of mass and forces. Thus, we shall start from the very beginning because; the ‘Theory of Everything’ must explain the great saga of the Universe in terms of physics and of course, without leaving anything to doubt or leaving any gaps.

The Universe generally means mass and the mass emerge from a source and is governed by three physical forces of nature (gravity, strong force and the electromagnetic force) and a force that emerges in reaction (magnetism). Without the forces governing the mass, there cannot be a Universe as a whole.  Therefore, the Universe necessarily means mass and forces. In this force mass relationship we find mass displaying a force of attraction and some matter displaying an electric charge as well. When mass is displaying a force, mass and that force cannot be two different things because, if mass display a force while the forces also exist by themselves, that implies the fact that mass has emerged through the force it displays, to have inherited its characteristics. If so, the very force that mass display as the basic inherent character must be of the fundamental aspect of the Universe that gave rise to the Universe. That makes mass a secondary form of the fundamental force of the origin of the Universe. That is our logical thinking in our probe to find the facts behind these phenomena or in other words, to understand the physics of the Universe.

However, gravity is not the only force in existence. There are two electric forces as well. Are they also truly fundamental aspects of the Universe? Why some matter displays even an electric charge? What is an electric charge? Why some matter is electrically neutral while some are charged? Why an electric charge has its opposite charge? Why oscillating electric charges generate magnetism? What exactly is magnetism and how exactly does magnetism emerge? Why magnetism is dipole? Why there are no magnetic monopoles when an electric charge can exist alone? Why matter spin? In these few aspects and phenomena lies the basic physics of the Universe. Thus, without understanding them we cannot progress to understand the Universe because we must learn the basics first, to proceed further. That is exactly our case and why we are stuck. The need for the theory of everything is quite clearly due to the physics we practice is not being precise, to say the least. Therefore, instead of going back to the drawing boards to redesign the shape of matter to our liking and attributing the fantasies of our ignorance to them for them to behave the way we expect, we took a facts finding stroll down the path we have so far taken over the last few centuries and found our mistakes; and most importantly, we have corrected them. 

Thus, now we understand that, the fundamental aspects of the Universe are quite different to what has been suggested of them during the past. Therefore, the origin of the Universe known to us as emerged from an unexplained and of course, an inexplicable ‘nowhere’, creating its own expanding space cocoon and initiating the flow of time is completely wrong. In our analysis of some of the fundamental physical phenomena and certain cosmological aspects, we did not find any reason to believe, or facts that suggest the Universe to be extraordinary as depicted in the past. Instead, contrary to the projected picture, we found the Space being infinite and absolute and therefore, eternal. Infinite nothingness that we call the space, the void or the vacuum cannot have a beginning or an end. Therefore, infinite absolute nothingness is necessarily eternal. If there is anything physical in that great void, that may of course, have a beginning and an end. Nevertheless, we cannot perceive especially the beginning of how that thing first came into existence unless we find a clue; and without a clue, mind or science cannot explore the unknown. However, if we encounter the very thing, then of course, by understanding its physical phenomena we can find out how it is going to end. Thus, we can find its ultimate fate because; we find, what is truly fundamental of the origin of anything physical is always conserved and therefore, any apparent end to its physical form is not its ultimate fate. That is exactly the case we have with our Universe since the fundamental aspect of the Universe – the force behind its origin (the force that gave rise to mass) is conservable and therefore, the destruction of mass or the destruction of the Universe is not the ultimate fate of the Universe.

Thus, in order to find the origin of the Universe, we must first find what would be its fate. Once the fate of the Universe is known, since its fundamental element is conservable, we can decide on the ultimate fate of the Universe. And to do that, we must start with understanding the basic physics or in other words, the basic physical phenomena of the Universe and then proceed to understand a great deal of other aspects. Then, and only then we can correctly predict the ultimate fate of the Universe. Due to the conservation of the fundamental element of the Universe, the end (the destruction) of the Universe cannot be the ultimate fate of the Universe as mentioned above, but only the end of its present phase. Thus, due to force conservation, the end of the current phase of the Universe is obviously a new beginning and that means we have found the origin of the Universe. Predicting its eventual evolution and describing the various physical phenomena would thus be like child’s play because, in our endeavour to find the ultimate fate, we have already and well and truly understood the physics of the great cosmos. However, the challenge is finding what the fate of the Universe would be; because, the Universe is expanding in the infinite space and not in a space cocoon and thus, predicting the fate of the Universe has become tougher than predicting the emergence of the Universe which has now become obvious but of course, provided we know what the fate of the Universe is and not otherwise.

Therefore, when the fate of the Universe is so far unknown, any suggestion of the origin of the Universe is needless to say, nonsensical. The Big Bang theory with its inexplicable and therefore unbelievable magical aspects on the origin of the Universe is a very clear example proving that fact. The Big Bang theory hangs only on our willingness to believe the physical and metaphysical phenomena it suggests. However, belief is not an aspect or the basis of physics and any metaphysics is of the occult and has no place in physics.  Thus, at present we do not know the true origin of the Universe. Therefore, looking for the TOE to find the origin suggested by the mystical or metaphysical to be the least Big Bang theory is a waste of time.  Nevertheless, in the theories we have so far discussed in this thesis we have found great facts that suggest not only the theory of everything but also the origin of the Universe. However, we shouldn’t rush to predict the origin of the Universe because without knowing the ultimate fate of the Universe, we wouldn’t know how the fundamental element, the force gravity, ever existed in the infinite absolute vacuum to give birth to our Universe. We cannot begin with saying ‘Once upon a time there was some gravity in the infinite space….’ to explain the origin of the Universe. Needless to say that, it would be quite similar to how the Big Bang theory suggests the origin of the Universe saying somewhat like ‘In the beginning there was nothing – not even empty space; and then, an infinitely hot and dense tiny bubble appeared from nowhere’. Therefore, we must first understand everything with the theory of everything and find what would be the fate of the Universe in order to suggest the origin of the Universe that has some sense even if it wasn’t true.

The theory of everything is needed to understand the physics of the Universe and in our endeavour to find the theory of everything; we have already understood a great deal of physics in this thesis. Although magnetism is not a fundamental force of the Universe, it is nevertheless a fundamental aspect of the Universe and of course, it is as essential as the fundamental forces because, without it, there cannot be a Universe. Since its significance is such, we analysed magnetism in the beginning of this thesis to understand its facts. Although we knew magnetism for a few centuries, our understanding of the phenomenon wasn’t sound. Since magnetism is not a fundamental force and emerges in reaction, we had to understand what exactly magnetism is and how exactly the force emerges. To understand what magnetism really is, we had to first understand how exactly the force emerges and then analyse the factors behind the phenomenon to understand what magnetism really is. The laws on physical phenomena that we call ‘reactions’ implies the fact that two things must influence each other or one another for any reaction to emerge and therefore, we understood that nothing could move in absolute space by itself, let alone electric fields oscillating themselves spontaneously and generating magnetic fields around them in space as has been suggested. With that, our longstanding idea of magnetism and electricity being different facets of one another collapsed. In our probe to understand magnetism, just as it turned out to be with understanding the electric charge, the amazing phenomenon became the other key to understand the most basic physics of the Universe.

Continued:

                                                                                                                             top

The Grand Supersymmetry

Magnetism being a phenomenon that emerges in reaction, the necessity for the existence of certain aspects to initiate action became quite apparent. Thus, we understood that every action must emerge in reaction, and for that, mass must display certain characteristics such as attraction and repulsion and therefore, the foremost fundamental element of the Universe that gave rise to the Universe which basically means gave rise to ‘mass’, had to be a force and necessarily a force of at least two characteristics or features of which, when one is an attractive force, the other to be repulsive at least by some means because there cannot be a repulsive force as we have already discussed in this thesis.  However, a physical force of nature cannot be of two different characteristics at the same time rather than having any extra features deriving through the basic force in some process the force is involved. Thus, the only way for a force to have two or more opposite or different characteristics is to have one feature as the basic nature and let the other emerge as an entity in a process the force undergoes. In our analysis we found electric charge (repulsive by some means) – and therefore, the electric forces emerging through the concentration of the basic force gravity which, takes place under immense heat, and magnetism (repulsive by some means) emerging through the polarisation of the concentrated forces as a reaction exactly according the principle just mentioned above. Therefore, instead of being one and the same thing that made us wonder how, since the basis of their emergence was not known, magnetism and electricity proved themselves to be different facets of gravity. These two phenomena in turn prove beyond doubt that the force gravity being the fundamental force and the foremost basic element of the Universe through which, everything else emerge and that means we have found the Grand Supersymmetry.

Thus, “every action must emerge in reaction” and “for reactions to emerge, two things must influence each other or one another” are invaluable great laws that paved our path to understand the fundamental aspects of the Universe. With these two laws, nothing could move spontaneously by itself in absolute space become quite clear. In discarding the idea of the space to be a medium, the so called ‘ether’ for the photon to travel, it was suggested that the electromagnetic radiation does not need a medium in which to travel as the photon travels with electric and magnetic properties or phenomena. However, nobody in the first place knew what exactly they called the ether or aether as the so called medium was. With the great confusion over what the ether was, naturally we couldn’t find what we thought it was. Thus, we gave the photon the credit for travelling by itself in space with its electric and magnetic phenomena – ‘repulsions’ to say exactly. Of course, the idea sounded sensible especially when the photon is so abundant to fill the space of the Universe, there is no need for a separate medium to be present in space for the electromagnetic radiation to travel with electric and magnetic repulsion since the abundance of particles itself is a medium in space that facilitate the wave propagation in space. However, the question that did not occur to anybody was; what factors are behind these phenomena (spin and travel) that must necessarily emerge in reaction? But for that matter, ‘spin’ was accepted as an intrinsic character of matter and thus, ‘photon’, the spinning electric field generating a magnetic field around it in space was accepted without further analysis; but accepting ‘spin’ as an intrinsic aspect of matter was a great mistake in the first place which led us to have many other misconceptions. We also think that, matter could travel spontaneously in space. Both these ideas – spontaneous or intrinsic spin and travel are quite wrong. There is no such magic (spontaneous motion of matter without there being a medium in space for the motions to emerge in reaction) in the Universe. There must be a basis in space for any actions of matter and aggregated mass to emerge in reaction. A physical medium that mediate a force is that required basis in space and the abundance of particles that fills the space fulfils that requirement. Thus, the idea of spin and travel being intrinsic abilities of matter clearly depicts our ignorance in basic physics let alone in astrophysics.

When we analyse why particles spin and travel in space we understand the basic physics behind these phenomena. If every action must emerge in reaction, spin and travel or generally speaking ‘motion’ of matter is a reaction. Even otherwise, we cannot accept motion of matter as a magical aspect simply because our science is physics, not the occult. If mass do not exert a force (in here ‘exerting a force’ does not mean radiating but mediating a force by physical contact) and if the space is absolute, no reactions are possible for the motion of matter and therefore, matter wouldn’t spin or travel in space, the vacuum; and that means nothing else is possible – strictly speaking, the evolution of the Universe is not possible. When the significance of these two basic motions is such, we must dig deep to understand the factors responsible for such motions. If we take on the mere spin of matter and analyse how matter would spin, two foremost fundamental facts on the origin and the evolution of the Universe emerge. They are both equally significant and entwined because one aspect is useless without the other. If mass do not exert a force and if the space is absolute no action of matter is possible since every action must emerge in reaction, and therefore, the first requirement is mass must emerge from a physical force to inherit the characteristics of that force. However, no motions of mass are still possible because a force cannot radiate the force beyond the surface of mass unless force carriers – massless quanta, are emitted by mass. Mass can emit such force carriers to radiate its force only by partial or total annihilation (since force=mass) as it happens to prevent the separation of a quark from a combination of quarks. However, this unique phenomenon – the true radiation of a force has a very limited range which depends on the number of gluons, the strong force carriers that could emerge (just a few) from the quark mass and does not take place for any other purpose anywhere in the Universe because; unlike the case with the quarks that emerge in combinations through the gluons and stays combined since being the primary constituents of all elements and therefore being composite elementary particles, no other matter emerge and exists similarly. Even otherwise, particles of mass other than the composite particles of quark combinations cannot radiate a force as the quarks radiate the strong force by emitting a few gluons (the strong force carriers) to prevent the separation of the quarks, rather than turning into a single force carrier of the other lesser electric force, the electromagnetic force (their source of origin) or decay into a particle of mass or particles of mass or else a combination of mass and massless particles  as the case may be in particle interactions. (Why the case of the quarks is unique and the radiation of the strong force by quarks will be discussed in due course.)

However, particle interactions bring the subject of ‘motion’ back to square one since mass must be able to move in space for interactions to take place. Thus, the third requirement for motion of matter is a medium to exist in space for matter to move in reaction to the medium just as the fish needing water to swim.  Thus, motion of matter is a reaction in every respect. Therefore, what factors cause these reactions or else, cause these motions is our concern. In the theory of spin we mentioned that instead of spin being an intrinsic character or ability of matter, spin is due to the intrinsic nature of matter since emerged through a force and that character has to be encountered or to be faced with for actions (spin) to emerge in reaction. If matter has to be faced with another thing to spin in reaction that means a particle by itself cannot spin or move in absolute space because, there is nothing in the absolute space to provide the grounds (the base) for the particle’s basic nature – the liveliness within since emerged through a force, to act outwardly in response to another thing.       

Although we have clarified why that is in other theories, let us go through it briefly for this theory to be comprehensive especially since the matter reveals basic physics of the Universe. Spin or travel is motion; and motion of matter is due to attraction and repulsion. Then again, just as attraction, repulsion must also be a feature of a physical force rather than due to mere physical collisions which depends merely on chance. Thus, laws of physics imply that, mass must emerge through a physical force to inherit such characteristics because, only a force of nature could attract or counter a force. However, as mentioned earlier, there cannot be a repulsive force because, repulsion requires a force to radiate its force and no force except the strong nuclear force (strictly speaking a highly concentrated force) can radiate because radiation requires the force to emit force carriers and since a force is in quantum state, generally no more force carriers can be produced by the force quanta. The radiation of the strong force by quarks is a unique phenomenon which may take place only in a particular occasion and with quite limited ability since only a few force carriers – gluons can be emitted by the quarks as mentioned earlier.

Before we go any further on that, it must be said that the quark’s ability to emit a few gluons is the best evidence on the force-mass equivalence and on the fact that mass has emerged through the concentrated forces and also of the fact that mass emerging with further concentration and therefore, compression and contraction of the concentrated forces. If any of that is not true, a quark cannot emit a few gluons which is true ‘radiation of the strong force’ that we have failed to understand due to our ignorance on the force –mass equivalence and wondered why the strong force is getting stronger when the distance between the quarks of a combination is increased, contrary to gravity and the electromagnetic force falling with the increase of distance.

Generally, we can expect the force carriers of a force to be equal to one another as quantum force. However, that is not the case due to some reasons. Due to the force-mass equivalence and especially due to gravity-electric force-mass and charge equivalence, force carriers that emerge in particle interactions to carry away the excess force shed in the process may emerge with higher force values than the basic force carriers. Thus, there are photons of higher force values (having a higher force concentration) that we used to call in our ignorance of the force mass equivalence ‘high energy photons’ which are gamma ray photons. However, in the case of the neutrino the quantum gravity, we don’t find the basic or primordial neutrinos that must be generally equal to one another but rather, we only find three types of neutrinos different to one another that emerge through particle interactions alone. Interestingly, that is great evidence on the force-mass equivalence and especially on the gravity-electric forces-mass and charge equivalence which also proves the neutrino being the quantum gravity since it emerges to reduce the force-mass equivalence of the emerging particles. The neutrino being of zero charge and a weakly interacting particle, it generally interacts at ‘c’, the speed of light at which speed it travels. While catching a neutrino is not an easy task, if we are forced to assume that there are no other neutrinos than the three types that emerge in particle interactions or in other words, to say there are no primordial neutrinos, that is also a conformation of the neutrino being the quantum gravity since it suggests that the primordial neutrinos have been used up in particle interactions at ‘c’ and now the universe is left with only the three types of neutrinos that emerge in particle interactions. If we are forced to think that there are no primordial neutrinos (primordial quantum gravity), that also suggests the fact that the emergence of the Universe is cyclic and this is not the first time our Universe is in existence if all the primordial neutrinos have vanished – in the sense – used up in making concentrated forces and particle interactions and now the Universe is left only with the neutrinos that have emerged in particle interactions and in that respect, the so called ‘Grand Supersymmetry’ is only a theoretical fact and that means in the destruction of the Universe the electric forces do not unwind into quantum gravity once more to start the re-emergence of the Universe from scratch. We shall discuss such aspects in the ultimate fate of the Universe to understand why that is. However, although we have failed to detect any primordial neutrinos, there should be at least a small number of them around but not if the Universe has gone through its whole cycle of emergence and destruction and re-emergence a quite a few number of times where time is infinite either way – past or future.

While the fact that the force carriers not always being uniform quanta  is a great challenge if not a drawback for us to pursue quantum mechanics especially since the strong force is generally not carried by basic uniform quanta at all as with the other two forces, but strictly, carried by eight specific quanta of great force concentration which is obviously different in each of the eight gluons, the very fact (force concentration) is the foremost fundamental requirement for the emergence and the evolution of the Universe since there is only one truly conservable element in the whole Universe which implies the fact that the Universe must emerge in a physical process that the conservable element undergoes; and where the conservable fundamental element is a force of nature – the force gravity which is a weak force of attraction, force concentration is obviously the simplest solution for the complex task of building a Universe only with one basic element that must develop complexity by some means and true to that fact, the  fundamental force quite obviously in every respect, gives rise to concentrated forces that in turn give rise to mass in further force concentration and govern mass together with the help of two amazing phenomena – electric charge and magnetism  that eventually emerge through them due to the simple process of force concentration that eventually leads to build an immensely complex Universe.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                   top

Radiation of strong force by quarks

Generally, radiation of the force by a force is not required if force carriers are in abundance. When a force must emit force carriers to radiate the force, where a force is primarily carried by quanta, the force cannot emit further quanta from the primary quanta to radiate the force rather than mediate the force with the abundance of the quanta – the force carriers. Thus, a truly fundamental force cannot radiate its force by way of emitting more force carriers, but a concentrated force that has subsequently emerged through the fundamental force could radiate its force to some extent by emitting a few force carriers depending on the concentration of the force in the primary force carriers and that is exactly the case with the radiation of the strong force by the quarks although quarks are not the strong force carriers but the mass that equal the strong force carriers – the gluons.

Interestingly, the gluons do not radiate the strong force by emitting more gluons since gluons being force carriers can mediate their force. On the other hand, free gluons do not exist (we shall discuss why) to radiate or even to mediate their force as they always quickly turn into quark combinations. Since there are no free gluons, quarks more or less represent the strong force. However, particles of mass are not force carriers. Since the force has turned into mass, only a residue force is left in mass and that is why mass may carry an electric charge to exert a reasonable force as discussed in the theory of the electric charge. Thus, if the force exerted by the electric charge of a quark is insufficient to prevent its separation from a combination of quarks which is a complex composite elementary particle with only its oscillation and annihilation made possible by the celestial physics, the quark must partially or totally annihilate in radiating the strong force by emitting virtual gluons.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                     top

Why there are eight kinds of Gluons

However, the strong force carriers ‘gluons’ themselves do not radiate the strong force by emitting quanta since massless force carriers could mediate the force instead due to their abundance although gluons are not abundant enough to fill the space; and for that matter, free gluons do not exist. However, the gluons carry a highly concentrated force and therefore, in theory they can in fact radiate the force in them with limited ability by emitting a few gluons of lesser force value if there is a need for such a phenomenon. But there are no free gluons to do that, and as they quickly turn into quarks, only the quarks can radiate the strong force and since more than one or two gluons may emerge to prevent the separation of quarks in this unique phenomenon, the gluons that emerge must have a lesser force concentration in them than in the ordinary (or primary) gluons, and the gluons emitted by quarks quickly turn into mesons composed of two quarks. That is possible since quark mass differ greatly as the quark combinations emerge through eight different gluons of varying force concentrations. There is very interesting and of course important physics in here to understand the strong force. When quarks are of different mass values, the simplest fact behind that could be is that they have different mass densities corresponding to the charge they carry. However, while mass density is also a factor on the volume of mass, what could be the primary factor in quarks having different amount of mass is that the gluons that give rise to quarks must be of very high force concentrations and of course, of different force concentrations from one to another; and that must be the reason for the existence of eight kinds of gluons. (The so called colour charge is a great misconception discussed in this theory.)  If gluons are not of high and different force concentrations to one another, a combination of quarks that has emerged through a single gluon cannot emit more than one gluon in trying to prevent their separation because, emitting more than one gluon means emitting gluons of lesser force concentration than of the original gluon that gave rise to the quark combination. On the other hand, if emitting a few gluons of lesser force concentration is not possible, that means the quarks cannot radiate the strong force in trying to prevent their separation and therefore, in the event of they being pulled apart the entire combination of quarks which is in other words a composite elementary particle that should not and cannot be separated, must totally annihilate in turning back into the original gluon through which they emerged and needless to say that, such an aspect – the frequent annihilation of the primary building blocks would disturb the smooth evolution of the Universe.

Radiation of the strong force by the quarks is the only instance a force is radiated by emitting force carriers anywhere in the Universe and in our ignorance on the force-mass equivalence, we could not understand the phenomenon and wondered why the strong force is stronger as the quarks are pulled apart, contrary to the way of the electromagnetic force. The quarks radiating the strong force beautifully prove the force-mass equivalence and it is quite unfortunate and a shame that we couldn’t understand the force-mass equivalence even with such a clear straightforward phenomenon.

Therefore, where a force cannot generally radiate its force, there cannot be a repulsive force. Thus, a repulsive force – strictly speaking, ‘repulsion’ (since there cannot be a repulsive force) must emerge in reaction. That is where magnetic and electric repulsions count as very essential physical phenomena in the Universe.

The presence of one thing causing another thing to act in response or both the things acting  in response to each other is what we call a reaction and most importantly that is only possible since mass is of a force. However, when a force is not radiating, two particles must come together (touch each other) for a reaction to emerge due to the force they carry; or else, there must be a medium between them which mediates the forces of the two particles for a reaction to emerge. Thus, if we place a photon in absolute space, it wouldn’t move in any manner because there is nothing in absolute space for the force in the photon to act outwardly since whatever the action (motion) is, it must emerge in reaction. If we place another photon close to the first one, nothing would still happen since, the space is absolute and there is nothing between them to mediate the force within them. However, if we place the two photons touching each other they will start spinning immediately in response to each other’s force. The phenomenon is due to the force within them is a lively aspect and thus, they are trying to orientate against each other. In this example, each photon is a medium to the other that causes an affect in the other. Likewise, a medium in space is nothing other than the abundance of particles that fills the space.

We must further analyse the possible phenomena of the two photons of our example to understand the basic physics in the vacuum. Please note that, in here we cannot say ‘basic physics of the vacuum’ because the vacuum (space) is primarily absolute. Physics is of anything physical and the absolute void is nothing physical contrary to what has been erroneously suggested by general relativity and thus, there is nothing called physics of the vacuum. Therefore, the vacuum takes no part in the physical phenomena that takes place in it. Thus, as long as the two photons are together, they will spin in response to each other’s force; yet, they by themselves cannot travel since the space is absolute and therefore, does not provide a basis for any reactions to emerge with the force of the photons. The photons could only travel if magnetic repulsion pushes them apart and in that case they would travel in opposite directions in the infinite absolute vacuum forever – if we disregard other possibilities.  

However, the photons are electric force carriers. Although they are of zero charge, the properties of electric charge are within them. It is the charge that makes the force electric and yet, the charge being a product of the force concentration, the charge only emerges well defined in the ultimate force concentration where mass also emerges in the process, and of course, mass emerges prior to the emergence of defined charges. That is why there are neutral particles of mass. Nevertheless, the force carriers have emerged in the basic concentration of the force gravity and properties or else we could say hallmarks of electric charge have emerged within the force quanta in that initial force concentration. If not for carrying the hallmarks of charge, a force wouldn’t be an electric force. The electromagnetic force with its zero charge force carrier ‘photon’ is the best example of that fact. Although the photon is neutral, it is still capable of creating certain electrical phenomena. One that is so easy for anybody to understand in the present world is the photon giving us the solar power. That is possible because the photon carries the properties of electric charge. Of course, otherwise we cannot consider it to be an electric force carrier.

We need further clarification in here to understand the terms ‘electric force’ and ‘electric charge’. What we call an electric force is a concentrated force of force gravity that carries a new identity due to being concentrated forces and that is the wave nature of the force since the force has intensified its strength under the concentration and that wave nature of the force is what we refer to as the hallmarks of electric charge since the very phenomenon further develops under great force concentration of an electric force to manifest as mass and electric charge. Thus, what we call an electric force is a concentrated force of gravity and therefore, an enhanced force of gravity. It is in this enhancement of the force that the hidden characteristic (electric charge) begins to emerge. Why we call such a force ‘electric’ is because, just as mentioned above, the force carries properties of electric charge that has emerged in the force concentration that gave birth to the force. The charge being a product of force concentration, charge would emerge well defined eventually when further force concentration takes place in the emergence of mass. That means, other than mere hallmarks of charge, the massless force carriers wouldn’t have an electric charge. A force is always carried by massless particles – quanta, and in a concentrated force, the force carriers emerge in the initial force concentration that gives the force the wave form due to the enhancement of the force. Electric charge is the ultimate product of force concentration and is a phenomenon of the wave form of the force and that is why we identify the wave form as properties or hallmarks of charge which need further force concentration and compression to manifest as charge, which is basically highly intensified force but only a part of the force since part of the force manifest as mass before the charge emerges. Therefore, force carriers do not have a charge but properties of the charge that would eventually emerge in greater force concentration that produce mass, and thus, charge only emerges in mass and especially, charge emerges according to the density of mass and that means charge only emerges in further force concentration that not only creates mass but also makes mass denser. Thus, the emergence of neutral mass is possible where the force concentration isn’t great enough for the charge to emerge. Nevertheless, electric charge is not a secondary phenomenon that emerges in force concentration but a specific product of the force because there are neutral particles of mass that do not carry a charge. Therefore, mass is part of the force where mass carry a charge and the charge is the other part of the force.

In this amazing force concentration the foremost and perhaps the greatest physical phenomenon that emerges in the concentrated force carriers is the force taking the wave form or simply, the concentrated forces emerging to function as waves from their inception and needless to say that, everything else is only possible due to this amazing physical phenomenon, the wave nature of the concentrated forces.  In analysing what magnetism is, we described the wave function within the electric force carriers as a linear form of the force although the waves are zigzagging due to the excited state of a force. Force polarisation that occurs in the particle spin is in fact the polarisation of the wave function of the particle that has been vibrating into all directions. Since the waves are a linear motion of the force that aligns with the spin axis of the particle in polarisation, the magnetic poles of a particle have the greatest power of attraction, and needless to say that there are no magnetic monopoles since a wave has two ends and thus, magnetism is always and necessarily dipole.

The photon being an electric force carrier is an electric field. Nevertheless, the electric force has emerged through the concentration of gravity. The primary characteristic of the electric forces is their wave nature due to being concentrated forces of force gravity. It is due to the wave nature of the electric forces that gave rise to mass, magnetism emerge polarising the force in particle spin.  Thus, gravity is not only the basis of electricity but also the basis of magnetism. Charged particles generating magnetism in their motion and therefore, electric charge must be responsible for generating magnetism was our understanding before we understood what the electric charge is or even, what an electric force is. Nevertheless, when charge is highly intensified part of electric force, that idea was not basically wrong but sans proper basis in our understanding of the process of the phenomenon – magnetism.    It is due to the wave form of the electric forces – strictly speaking, due to the wave form of the concentrated forces that, magnetism emerge with the polarisation of the wave function in the particle spin and what function as the wave form is of course the force. In that respect, the neutrino being the quantum gravity (carrier of the basic force) has no wave function and therefore the neutrino spin does not create a magnetic moment since magnetism is polarisation of the wave function and that means polarisation of force. The neutrino having no magnetic moment also confirms it being the quantum gravity and that means the basic force that has no wave form. We may loosely compare a neutrino similar to a tiny gas bubble whereas a photon can be compared similar to a bubble full of hyperactive worms since the photon is of a concentrated force that has taken the wave form due to the enhancement.

Up until now, we never knew of gravity-electric forces-mass and charge equivalence and therefore, we didn’t know of any other phenomena relating to the matter such as ‘force concentration, and ‘concentrated forces taking the wave form’ etc to understand the facts behind the emergence of magnetism or even the electric charge for that matter. Thus, all that was obvious to us was charge particles generating magnetism in their spin – generally speaking, in their motion. Thus, without knowing the facts behind the phenomenon, we rushed to link electricity to magnetism. Likewise, without understanding how moving magnetic fields create electric fields, we rushed also to link magnetism to electricity and concluded that, electricity and magnetism as different facets of one another while in reality, they both being different facets of gravity.  Therefore, the basis of the electric force and magnetic force is the same, and that is the force gravity.  Until the publication of this thesis we did not know what exactly the electric forces are and what exactly magnetism is. Thus, our ignorance led to the misconception of linking electricity and magnetism as different forms of the same phenomenon. Of course, magnetism is polarised electric force. But an electric force is a concentration of gravity in the first place. That means what we call an electric force is basically a concentrated force and the force is gravity that displays its hidden characteristics that has emerged due to the force being concentrated by compression and contraction that take place at immense heat. However, in the massless electric force carriers the characteristics such as charge and radioactivity are not prominent as in mass. The only character that is prominent is the wave nature of the force due to the force is concentrated. It is due to the wave nature (or wave form) that a force polarises with the spin of particles.   On the other hand, a moving magnetic field generating an electric field is not due to the magnetic force having anything to do with being the polarised electric force (the polarised force is in fact concentrated gravity as already mentioned) but basically due to magnetism being an immensely powerful force of attraction due to polarisation of the force that attracts the free electrons and may redirect them through a medium in generating electricity. Therefore, instead of electricity and magnetism being different facets of one another, they both are different facets of gravity.

Now if we go back to our example of the two photons in absolute space, although the motion of a magnetic field creates an electric field in turn, such a phenomenon wouldn’t happen with the two photons in our example. Why that is because, as we have understood in this thesis for the first time how the motion of magnetic fields create electric fields, an oscillating or spinning magnetic field  attracts the free electrons in the atmosphere or in the space as the case may be in creating an electric field; and in our example the space is absolute and therefore, although the two spinning photons create two magnetic fields, the spinning magnetic fields in turn cannot create electric fields without any electrons being present around them in the absolute space. This fact also proves electricity and magnetism being two different things rather than one and the same. Instead, as we have already discussed in the theory of the electric charge and reminded above in this theory, they both are different facets of the force gravity.

The only other phenomenon possible by the two photons is splitting their union with magnetic repulsion. In that case, as implied by the laws of motion in absolute space the two photons will travel in opposite directions due the repulsion – the external force acted upon them, and will travel forever in the infinite absolute space unless encountered by any physical aspect that may exist in space to change their direction of travel or their fate. In here we can understand that, Isaac Newton’s first law of motion which is also known as the ‘law of inertia’ is only partially correct. Newtown was correct in saying that, “unless acted upon by an external force, an object at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, it continues to move in a straight line with constant speed”. But, what he has said next as “uniform motion therefore does not require a cause” is quite wrong since nothing could move in absolute space without a cause whether the motion is uniform or not. In our example the two photons only started to spin in reaction to each other’s influence and if they are to travel in absolute space, yet another reaction is required to initiate that motion. In the space of the Universe, every action emerges in reaction since the abundance of particles that fills the space is a medium for all physical phenomena. Thus there is no motion in space without a cause.

In our example of the two photons in absolute space, it became clear that a physical medium that could cause an affect must exist in space for any action of matter to emerge in reaction. Each of the two photons in our example was the necessary medium for the other to act in reaction. Thus, when the photons are so abundant to fill the space of the Universe, they are a medium causing an affect on each other. However, not only the photons, the quantum gravity neutrinos are also in abundance to fill the space of the Universe. The electrons are also in abundance although to a lesser degree compared to the photons and neutrinos. There is no need for us to consider the other less abundant particles that may be in space as the photons, neutrinos and electrons condition the area of space occupied by the Universe in the infinite absolute space, being a perfect medium that initiate some phenomena and facilitate other, and of course, holds the Universe bound together by mediating the gravitational attractions of massive bodies such as stars and planets and  all forms of aggregated mass and galaxies, clusters of galaxies etc  as gravity does not radiate.

The medium in space is not a unique entity, but the presence of and of course, the abundance of particles (mainly the three particles mentioned above) that fills the space of Universe. Although we knew the existence of particles in abundance in space, in the absence of the laws governing physical phenomena in the vacuum, we did not understand their existence as a medium necessary for any physical phenomena of the Universe just as we did not know that, electric forces and mass have emerged basically from gravity; and for centuries we did not know what the quantum gravity was. That was hardly surprising since we did not know what gravity was in the first place, let alone knowing the quantum gravity. Now, for the first time in the history of physics we know what gravity is and we have found the quantum gravity the ‘neutrino’, and we have found that the electric forces and mass have emerged from gravity as concentrated forms of gravity. Thus, the basis of the photon is gravity just as the basis of the electron or any other particle of mass or massless particles for that matter. Hence, all particles have gravitational attractions whether they are of mass or massless. In fact, except quantum gravity (being basic force and therefore weak), massless particles of same volume as of particles of mass must be of stronger gravitational attractions compared to the gravitational attractions of particles of mass which remains a residue force. The reason for that is, the massless particles except quantum gravity are the force carriers of concentrated forces or in other words, massless quanta are the basic form of a force whereas, mass is the secondary form of a force that has emerged in force concentration where compression and contraction is the basis and thus, when the force has turned into mass the true force does not exist, in the sense, to display its true strength. Mass is a product of the force; hence, the strength of the force is a factor in the density of the mass. Therefore, since the force has turned into mass, particles of mass could only reflect a fraction of the force hidden within, relative to the density and the volume of mass that has emerged through the force. Thus, we could say mass only exert a residuum of the force gravity. Unfortunately, when the quantum gravity was a great mystery, we only knew this immensely weak residue force exerted by mass as gravity and thus, our prejudice on gravity being a weaker force.

However, basic force gravity is of course immensely weak compared to the electric forces because, the electric forces have emerged through the concentration of the force gravity and thus, naturally they should be much stronger than the basic force through which they have emerged. In fact, mass does not emerge straight from basic gravity since just as the electric forces, mass is a concentrated form of gravity. The electric forces emerge in the initial concentration of gravity. Therefore, mass could only emerge in further concentration of the electric forces. Just as mass, the electric charge is also a product of the force that emerges in force concentration. Although properties of electric charge appear in the massless electric force carriers with the initial force concentration of their emergence, mass emerge prior to the charges emerging well defined and therefore, mass may emerge with zero charge where the force concentration is not great enough for a charge to emerge well defined. Therefore, with greater concentration of the electric forces, mass emerge with an electric charge and necessarily, together with an antiparticle that carry the opposite charge since both charges cannot be in the same particle of mass. The reason for that is, mass and charge are products of force concentration and although properties or hallmarks of charge are present in the force carriers, when mass emerges first with further concentration of an electric force, charge must obviously emerge as a product of the mass density since force equals mass, and concentration of the force is also the factor for the emerging charge. All that means, any property that emerge through a force is part of the force and therefore, opposite charges must emerge as products of individual particles of mass.  (We discussed in the theory of antimatter how and why antiparticles emerge.) Another reason for opposite charges to emerge separately is; if they are to emerge well defined in a single particle, they would cancel each other’s affect. However, the facts imply that opposite charges cannot emerge within the same particle of mass.

We can look at the emergence of mass and charge in another angle which would give prominence to the electric charge. Mass and charges are being products of force concentration and charge being the ultimate feature to emerge, mass represents the charge it carries. Hence, the emergence of mass will depend on the properties of the  charge that are already within the force that gives rise to mass that would carry a charge and therefore, since force equals mass and charge, the mass density of a particle will depend on the level of charge the particle carries. Let us go further in understanding these two important aspects that seals force concentration being the factor behind the emergence of mass and electric charges.  

In that respect, when force concentration is the factor behind the emergence of mass and charge, the existence of neutral particles of mass imply the fact that, density of mass to be greater in particles that carry a charge, and it certainly is, and beautifully proves force concentration being the basic factor behind the emergence of mass and charges. However, since mass and the charge are products of the force, where the charge is great (eV1) mass density must be low (but greater than that of neutral – zero charge – particles since force concentration being the factor behind the emergence of mass and therefore of the density of mass as well as the emergence of the charge) and where the charge is less than eV1 mass density must be relatively great. Since mass and charge are products of force concentration, they must emerge relative (proportional) to each other. Thus, when the mass density is great, the charge is fractional of the electron’s charge eV1 which is the maximum charge that could emerge in a particle. The electron’s charge eV1 being the standard  maximum charge imply the fact that the volume of the force that creates mass is not a factor in the emergence of the charge rather than the strength or the density of the force that turns into mass. When force carriers are quantum properties, the volume of force in them is of course, limited. Thus, the density of the force or in other words, the strength of the force is the feature that counts. The hidden truth in that is the strength of an electric force carrier represents an enormous volume of the basic force gravity that has concentrated in giving rise to the very electric force. Hence, the density of the emerging mass depend on the density of the force that converts into mass and of course, on the level of charge that mass would carry. That means we could say mass density becomes a factor in the emergence of electric charges since force concentration is the key factor behind mass and charge. However, since properties of charge have emerged within the force before the force turns into mass, we could also say that the density of mass and therefore the volume of mass too depend on the level of charge a particle would eventually carry. Nevertheless, whichever way we may say it doesn’t make a difference. Since a force is a quantum, mass density becomes the factor in the volume of mass that emerges. Thus, where the density of a particle is great, its volume is smaller compared to the volume of a particle with lesser mass density. Likewise, the emerging charge also varies according to the density of mass. Since force concentration is the key factor behind both these phenomena – mass and charge, where the density of mass is great, the charge that emerges in the particle is less than that of a particle with lesser mass density. As for an example, the quarks that have the greatest mass density of particles of mass only carry 1/3 or 2/3 of the charge the lightest particle electron has.

In order to get back on our track, we shall discuss other aspects of this force-mass equivalence in due course.

Continued:            

                                                                                                                            top  

Dark Matter/Missing Mass?

If we assume that the Universe emerged 15 billion years ago, due to the expansion of the Universe the space of the Universe (necessarily the area occupied by the Universe in the infinite space which we define as the finite conditioned vacuum) is now so vast to the tune of about thirty billion light years across since the Universe is expanding into all directions. Therefore, the medium which consists of particles that fill the sphere of space of the Universe is of considerable amount of gravitational attractions since just as the quantum gravity neutrino, the basis of the other most abundant massless particle photon is gravity. We have calculated the missing mass on the basis of gravitational attractions that cannot be accounted for as we don’t see the mass responsible for the said gravity in the visible realm especially since we did not know what the neutrino is and that the photon and not to mention other particles have emerged through the concentration of gravity. Thus, the so called missing mass was thought to be of some kind of dark matter that is difficult to detect. However, apart from the neutrinos and the photons, the medium in space is also of particles of mass such as electrons. When we add the gravitational attractions of all that mass and massless particles to the physical weight of that mass, we have found the missing mass or the so called ‘dark matter’. What we must realise in that respect is that, gravity doesn’t necessarily mean deriving through mass only, but also through massless particles. On the other hand, we have to disregard antiparticles altogether since antiparticles do not exist in abundance. (Please refer to the theory of antimatter.)  Hence, our calculation of the weight of the missing mass and therefore, the weight of the Universe is quite wrong. It is unfortunate that, in our ignorance we have jumped the gun to call the most luminous of matter the ‘dark matter’. While that memory will remain perhaps to our shame, it is not a great worry since; finally we have well and truly conquered the amazing Universe. Thus now, the Universe is no more mysterious or extraordinary. We can explain every bit of its amazing phenomena since understanding its great fundamental phenomenon the force concentration responsible for  the gravity-electric forces-mass and charge equivalence through which all its amazing phenomena derives.  

If we summarise what we have so far discussed in this theory of everything before going into discuss the electric forces and elementary particle physics  to find more evidence on gravity-electric forces-mass and charge equivalence and of course to explain certain phenomena or aspects in particle interactions that we have not understood very well, we could say that the key to unlock the great mysteries in the Universe is to understand the basic aspects by analysing them correctly and the only way to do that is to start with the simple facts so that we wouldn’t make mistakes in our analysis and that would give us clues to explore the unknown; but of course, our intuition counts in that respect. Then again, our intuition must have a base. The required base is wisdom or in other words, good sense and judgement and of course, accumulated knowledge as well. When our intuition has such a basis, we would have insight on anything without even conscious reasoning. Then it is only a matter of finding hard facts to prove the case. This thesis is testimony to that principle.

Thus, we understood the space to be primarily absolute and therefore, we understood logically that, nothing could move in absolute space without any motion being a physical reaction. Going beyond our logical thinking to understand how reactions could emerge if no action is possible by one thing alone, we understood that attractive and repulsive physical forces have to be at play as well as the presence of two things that could influence one another being essential in order for reactions to emerge; and of course, since the space is absolute, we understood that the space cannot be of any influence to initiate any action of a force to emerge in reaction. Thus, in exploring the factors behind the physical phenomena that we call reactions, we understood the basic physics of the Universe. The initial reactions such as ‘spin’ and ‘travel’ are due to attractive and repulsive forces mass may display. However, in either case, physical contact of particles or mediation of their force by a medium that exists in the absolute space is essential for reactions to emerge unless made to move by some other phenomenon such as a force of an explosion. But of course, an explosion is also a reaction since every action must emerge in reaction. When two of the three physical forces of nature have emerged in reaction through an underlying force, the significance of the law ‘every action must emerge in reaction’ is quite clear. Therefore, the laws on motion in space – strictly speaking, in the absolute vacuum, established in this thesis are of paramount importance to understand the basic physics of the Universe.

According to these principles, it became clear that mass must emerge through a force to inherit the characteristics of the force in order to initiate reactions. Without the characteristics of a force (primarily the liveliness within the force carriers) no reactions are possible outwardly and therefore, no action is possible and that means there won’t be a Universe if mass do not originate from a force. (That helps us understand how wrong the energy-mass equivalence was.) However, the basic character of a physical force of nature is attraction. Nevertheless, in our analysis we also found that a force cannot radiate its force since a physical force of nature exists as quanta. (Radiation of force requires a force carrier or a particle of mass to emit more force carriers and therefore the fundamental force of the Universe cannot radiate the force. It is only a concentrated force that can radiate the force. Nevertheless, it doesn’t generally happen nor required as a physical force of nature is carried by quanta and we find the strong force radiate the force only under certain circumstances since it is a highly concentrated force and that very fact proves the strong force being a concentrated force and therefore, not a truly  fundamental force.) Thus, when the space is absolute, the force is lively only within the particle and not outwardly.

Since the space – the vacuum – is primarily absolute and that means a true void where there is no grounds – a basis for influencing any action of whatever substance that may be in the absolute space, to emerge in reaction, and since a force does not radiate its force, the fact that a physical medium must be present in the absolute space establishing a conditioned state that make possible or initiate as well as facilitate physical phenomena was reassuring. Such a conditioned area of the infinite absolute vacuum is what we call a ‘finite conditioned vacuum’ which is necessarily the space occupied by the Universe.

The medium that exists in space is not a unique entity but nothing other than the particles that fill the space of the Universe. They have emerged through the three physical forces. One of them, the force gravity is the underlying force of the other two forces and they have emerged through the concentration of the force gravity. Therefore, the two concentrated forces (electric forces) are much stronger than the underling force that also exists in quantum state. But the enormous strength of the electric forces is not the only phenomenon of the force concentration that takes place at very high temperatures that measure in billions of degrees, the details of which we shall treat in this thesis as secondary aspects to know. (Such data can be obtained by various means by anybody interested in the subject.) Two other phenomena – mass and electric charge also emerge in the force concentration, and that is not all. Another two features that emerge in the force concentration are, the concentrated forces taking the wave form (it is the primary feature of a concentrated force) and the radioactivity in concentrated forces and in mass, which is as important as other features that emerge subsequently in a force. The radioactivity responsible for mass decay is without any doubt is an electrical phenomenon since the concentrated and therefore made-up forces are electric. Thus, since emerging through the electric forces, mass is subject to spontaneous decay and it is brilliant physics by nature since the decay process does not require any heat energy or a separate force to work. Interestingly, just as the electric charge may vary from particle to particle, the intensity of the radioactivity or the decay process may also vary according to the affect of the negative and positive charges in composite particles and nucleons. Thus, there are short lived resonance and virtual particles as well as stable composite particles such as the proton which is stable over 10³² years where as the resonance W decays instantaneously in 10^-25 seconds.  We shall soon take on radioactive decay to understand what exactly it is.

While the charge is the final product of the force concentration, the properties of the charge emerge from the beginning of the force concentration and the two electric forces emerge at different threshold temperatures in the first stage of force concentration where the electric forces are defined according to the strength of force in which, force concentration is the factor and the force carriers are produced. These two forces – the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force are carried by massless quanta, gluons and photons respectively and massless quanta are the basic form of a force. Since mass is a product of a force, it is the force that turns to mass and therefore, particles of mass are not force carriers. The force mass equivalence means mass is the secondary form of the force and thus, mass could only exert a residual force and that is exactly why mass may carry a charge in order to exert a stronger force. Therefore, particles of mass are not force carriers. (That means mesons are also not force carriers and that means there is no such thing called nuclear binding force. Since the quarks that make the nucleons have emerged through the strong force the nucleons do not need a binding agent to be together in a nucleus. We shall discuss the role of the mesons in due course.)   The massive W and Z particles of mass misunderstood to be the carriers of the so called weak nuclear force is a great mistake in astrophysics which stand next to the greatest mistake ‘energy-mass equivalence’.   The electroweak theory and the so called standard model of particle physics which is full of hypothetical particles are the result of that ignorance. Sadly, if we don’t fully understand the W and Z particles, that mean we don’t fully understand the strong force and the electromagnetic force through which these particles generally emerge respectively instead of through a weak nuclear force.

There is no weak nuclear force at all to begin with. There is no such force other than in our imagination due to our ignorance. Quite obviously the W particles emerge through quark decay and that doesn’t mean a weak force inducing radioactive decay is within the strong force because the quarks usually emerge through the strong force. A force cannot be of two different forces at the same time and that is why different forces exist and when their difference is only their strength due to the degree of concentration of the force since emerged from a weaker underlying force, two different forces cannot stay combined because, since the degree of concentration is the factor in their emergence, the force of lesser concentration  will lose its volume to achieve the higher concentration of the stronger force in merging with the stronger force and therefore, ceases to exist. Thus, there cannot be a weak force residing in the strong force or in the electromagnetic force. There are no chambers within the quarks or in the leptons for the so called weak force to reside. The force-mass equivalence means the quarks have emerged from the concentration of the strong force. However, due to the force-mass equivalence, quarks may emerge from the electromagnetic force too where sufficient force is available just as in the case of the Z and the Tau through which quarks may emerge since they are massive particles and that means more force has turned into mass to make them massive and thus, sufficient force is available to concentrate further to match the degree of concentration of the strong force and give rise to quarks. They are great examples of force-mass equivalence especially because, the Tau is a lepton that emerge through the EM force and the Tau giving rise to quarks that are generally created by gluons of the strong force is clear evidence not only on the force-mass equivalence, but also of the electric forces being merely concentrated forces of an underlying force and thus, the two electric forces are basically same except one being enormously stronger than the other. Thus, if a W particle emerges through the decay of a quark, that means the quark mass is reduced in order to reduce the radioactive decay of the neutron to make it more stable and where the quark has emerged through the strong force, the shed part of mass is also of the strong force and that only means the force that equals to that mass is of the great degree of concentration of the strong force. Thus, a massive W^- could emerge with the force equivalent of the shed mass of the down quark. True to that fact, the W^- that emerges in the neutron beta decay is of three strange quarks as the strong force generally gives rise to quark combinations. Thus, there is no doubt that the W^- would display the gauge symmetry associated with gluons.

Nevertheless, that doesn’t mean the W^- is a force carrier no matter what we mean by the gauge symmetry is. In that respect we must redefine what we call the ‘gauge boson symmetry’ because the W^- being a particle of mass is not a force carrier since the force has already turned into mass. Of course, the W^- has emerged with a fraction of the strong force corresponding to the part of the down quark mass that has been shed in the spontaneous radioactive decay which is an electrical phenomenon and therefore, the W^- has emerged with a lesser amount of force. Nevertheless, although the amount of force is less than that of the down quark, the force is still part of the strong force and that is why the W^- is composed of three strange quarks and we cannot treat it as a distinct weak force that has been residing in the strong force or in the down quark for that matter, rather than the force that gave rise to the W^- being a fraction of the strong force that has the greatest force concentration. Thus, that fraction of the strong force could give rise to a massive particle by reducing the emerging particle’s mass density which results in the particle being massive. Now it is quite clear that there is no borrowed energy (force) in here for the W^- to emerge massive. Borrowing energy (under false energy=mass) and the mean life of particles becoming short due to the short term loan must be paid back pretty quickly etc are fabricated physics of our ignorant past. There are no loan sharks up there for sure. There is one thing quite certain about the uncertainty principle at least in here and that is ‘we did not know’; thus, the uncertainty and therefore, the “borrowing energy”, “must pay back the loan pretty quickly” and that making life not worth living for the W^- and all that jazz.

Please see the theory of ‘antiparticles/antimatter’ to understand how the so called antiparticles riding piggyback on charge particles as the charge could add part of the extra force that is under the charge to the emerging particle of mass to make that particle massive. Thus, there is no such thing as borrowing the source of mass. With this feature we understood how uniform force carriers give rise to various particles of varying amount of mass. However, please note that the emergence of varying quark combinations with varying mass and charge of individual quarks do not come under the above category. The quark combinations are composite elementary particles that are unique among other particles since they have to play a complex role as primary building blocks of matter and therefore the gluons that give rise to them are not uniform force carriers and that is exactly why there are eight different gluons in existence.  

Electric forces emerging through the concentration of the fundamental force gravity mean an electric force carrier cannot be of two different force values (strengths) at the same time. However, since concentration of the fundamental force is the factor behind the emergence of the electric forces, a stronger force may emit a lesser force carrier just as the strong force could emit an electromagnetic force carrier – a photon and needless to say the photon is a massless particle and therefore, a force carrier. Likewise, the strong force and the electromagnetic force could emit neutrinos – the quantum gravity which is immensely weak. (The neutrino having non-zero rest mass is a misconception due to not knowing it being the quantum gravity and thus having faint gravitational attractions. Pl refer to, the theory of Quantum gravity.) There is no such thing called intermediate force carried by particles of mass as we like to define the so called weak force since the W and Z particles are of mass. Mass do not carry a force other than a residuum of the force that has turned into mass and that is exactly why mass may carry an electric charge to exert a reasonable force. If mass could exert the force of its origin in full strength, mass do not need to carry an electric charge because charge only exert a part of the force that has greatly compressed and the other part of the force has turned into mass of the particle. In that respect, when we assess the elementary charge eV1, whether it is of the electromagnetic force or of the strong force, the charge is of the same strength, and that means charge doesn’t exert a force equivalent to the full force that is within mass but more or less dormant due to the manifestation as mass. Why that is because, although charge is a product of the force due to force concentration, mass is also a product of the force due to the force concentration. Therefore, the full force is divided between the two phenomena – mass and the charge of the particle. That is why when mass density is great (quarks for example) charge is fractional of the elementary charge and when mass density is less than the maximum density of quarks, the charge could be in its maximum – eV1. (The W particles with eV1 charge are a good example on that. They are also massive due to their low density of mass.) That also confirms the force concentration based on compression and contraction under immense heat being the factor behind both the phenomena – mass and charge. In fact, the W and Z particles provide us with undisputable evidence on the gravity=electric forces=mass and charge.

On the other hand, no matter whether a particle is of the strong force or of the electromagnetic force, the elementary charge eV1 being of the same strength is an important aspect. In that respect, although we find fractional charges with the quarks, the quark confinement means there are no isolated fractional charges but the elementary charge eV1 in any quark combination. When charge is a product of the force, the existence of one elementary charge (eV1) that doesn’t give any prominence to the strength of the force it relates to is a confirmation of electric charge being a gravitational phenomenon that emerges in force concentration relative to the emergence of mass and therefore, relative to the mass density since concentration is the key factor in the emergence of the charge rather than the charge emerging relative to the strength of a force or relative to the volume of mass. If not, since the volume and density of mass vary among particles, charge will be a complex phenomenon without having a uniformity.  Thus, no matter what the force that gives rise to a particle is, the strength of the charge is the same and that is possible since charge could be at a particular level of concentration of force. Therefore, the density of the mass of the particle could differ according to the force through which it emerges. The lightest particle ‘electron’ and the massive W particles carrying the same elementary charge (whether negative or positive) and emerging through the electromagnetic force and the strong nuclear force respectively, is clear evidence on that fact.     

The W particles emerge to reduce the force mass equivalence in order to reduce the radioactivity especially of the nucleons, and therefore, emerge through the decay of quarks and that is exactly why the Ws are of mass because, the strong nuclear force basically gives rise to quark combinations and true to that fact, the W consists of three strange quarks which makes the W^- a virtual particle or in fact a resonance with 10^-25 second mean life and decays to an electron and an electron antineutrino. Let’s analyse how exactly the W^- emerges in the neutron beta decay. The neutron consists of two down quarks and an up quark (d,d,u) and it is a down quark that shed some of its mass in decay to turn into an up quark in the neutron’s transmutation into a proton of two up and one down (u,u,d) quark. It is quite clear that the down quark decays by itself. (Please refer to the theory on ‘what is decay and why decay’ under this very theory.) We don’t detect a weak nuclear force in action in that decay rather than radioactivity within the down quark being responsible for its own decay which is of course, the natural unwinding of the process of its emergence and we shall take on that soon to clarify radioactive decay. Thus, the W^- or the so called weak nuclear force carrier was nowhere prior to the neutron beta decay and only emerges in the natural decay of a down quark only to turn into a couple of stable particles in its own instantaneous radioactive decay.

As mentioned earlier, particles of mass are not force carriers since the force has already turned into mass. The W and Z particles may display the gauge symmetry since they are messenger particles that emerge only to give rise to some other particles; nevertheless, they are not force carriers since they are particles of mass. The problem of considering the W and Z particles as gauge bosons lies with our so called vector gauge boson symmetry which we have invented to define force carriers before we understood the forces and how they emerge. We certainly did not understand the strong force and in fact, we did not understand any other force very well for that matter and not to mention that we did not understand how mass emerges. That is exactly why we went ahead to create a force that is not there, eventually calling it the electroweak force. That means we did not understand the basic physics in these aspects. Further, we certainly did not understand what equals mass. We were chasing after an imaginary kind of energy and thus, not knowing the fact that mass has emerged through concentrated forces, we had to arbitrarily put-in the force values into particle interactions and radioactive decay where the radioactive decay is a spontaneous electrical phenomenon since mass has emerged through the electric forces and carry a charge. Just as mentioned earlier, it is due to our ignorance on these facts that we have invented the so called weak force which is supposed to be responsible for radioactive decay. However, nowhere in the process of radioactivity that anybody can pinpoint the involvement of the so called weak nuclear force in action. That is hardly surprising because there is no such force and decay is a spontaneous process of radioactivity that produce a particle (W or Z) with the shed mass. The W or the Z is the egg, not the hen. If there is a weak nuclear force, it got to be like the hen that produces an affect. Thus, the W and Z particles are the results of there being a spontaneous radioactive process in mass since mass emerge through the electric forces and that basically means mass emerge through concentrated forces in further concentration and most importantly, that is a spontaneous process. Thus, the destruction of mass or decay could also be a spontaneous process and it certainly is. Now we can understand that, the reversal of a spontaneous process doesn’t need a special force.  

Unlike in particle interactions, radioactive decay takes place within particles of mass and where particles of mass have emerged through the strong force and the electromagnetic forces, a separate distinct weaker force cannot be within those forces to induce decay in mass. If such a thing is possible there got to be only one concentrated force instead of two. On the other hand, mass and force cannot be together since mass emerge through force concentration and that means mass is a product of the force or in other words, mass is the manifestation of force in a different form. If mass must carry some force, that force must also be a different manifestation in mass and that is exactly why the force mass may carry, manifest as an electric charge. In that respect, any extra force quanta absorbed by mass must make density or volume of that mass greater. Therefore, the so called weak nuclear force cannot be an entity in another force or in mass. When we consider these facts, where does the so called weak force fit-in? Quite clearly, the answer is nowhere. That means there is no weak nuclear force.

We don’t see a weak nuclear force in action anywhere in the neutron beta decay or in any other radioactive decay process for that matter. Radioactive decay is an inherent spontaneous process in mass since mass emerge through the electric forces and the electric forces have emerged through an underlying force (gravity) and therefore not being fundamental elements they are transient and that means nothing that has emerged in a process could be everlasting and thus, they have emerged with a natural process for their destruction to turn them back into the fundamental element that initiated their emergence and existence. Therefore, no special force is needed for mass decay. Radioactivity within mass is of the very process through which mass emerge and thus, radioactivity makes mass decay spontaneously. Decay is basically the dissolution of the process of the emergence of whatever substance, due to the process by itself being transient since only the fundamental element is conservable.  The so called weak nuclear force being responsible for mass decay is a great blunder in astrophysics and as if that is not enough we created an electroweak force by unifying the weak force with the electromagnetic force with false physics in our ignorance of the basics of the concentrated forces to make matters worst and have wasted a lot of time looking for an imaginary Higgs boson to cover-up the shortcomings of the electroweak theory.

In analysing particle interactions we understood that what makes mass or strictly speaking, what makes a particular particle is not necessarily a particular electric force but any electric force that could make the particular concentration needed for the particle since the basis is force equals mass. Thus, for instance the photons or the electrons of the electromagnetic force could produce quarks just as the gluons of the strong force do it. Therefore, unless we observe the emergence of particles, we wouldn’t know through which force they have emerged to carry that force. Thus, we cannot say the W & Z particles have emerged to carry a weak nuclear force even if such a force is in existence. What is required in the emergence of mass is sufficient force and the threshold temperature for the force concentration and according to the availability of these factors mass may emerge as various elements of varying mass volume and density. Therefore, what makes mass is not a particular force but a particular concentration of force. Now we can understand how false it is to say that the W and the Z particles being particles of mass are intermediate weak nuclear force carriers. Interestingly, with the elementary charge eV1 the force in the W is not weak but par with any other charge particle with the same charge. Any other force exerted by a particle of mass is the residue force gravity that may only differ according to the amount of mass of the particle. Thus, it is quite surprising how we categorised the W as a weak force carrier.

When the W and Z particles are not force carriers, there is no parity violation in that respect.  The W and Z particles are mere messenger particles and resonances at that, which emerge to reduce the radioactive element and carry the balance of force shed by nucleons or other particles for that matter in order to make them stable. They are fine examples of force-mass equivalence. A force cannot be of three different force carriers carrying three different properties of the force. All the properties of a force must be in one carrier. We don’t see the W and Z particles combine (unifying) to make the so called weak force at any point. Instead, they are unstable particles that emerge to carry away some mass in order to reduce the radioactivity (the W⁺ and W^-) and the excess of the basic force gravity shed in the decay of a particle to balance the required concentration of force relative to the mass of the particle that has emerged in the decay of a particle and that is exactly why the Z particle is of zero charge and they quickly turn into other particles since the only purpose of their emergence is to carry away the radioactive element of mass and the excess basic force gravity in mass decay. (The strong force carried by eight force carriers – gluons, is a different matter since they do not carry different properties to one another like the so called weak force carriers, but differ to one another only with the force concentration in them as discussed above.)  

The neutral Z quite clearly emerges to carry away the excess basic force gravity in an interaction and the Z is unique since it is the only particle that emerges with near basic gravity. We say ‘near basic gravity’ because basic gravity is the massless force (carried by neutrinos) and mass could only emerge in the concentration of gravity and when concentrated the force is no more basic but electric due to taking the wave form. Nevertheless, the emerging mass could initially be neutral before being subject to further concentration and compression where mass become denser and charge emerges. The Z⁰ emerges with minimum of force concentration to be electrically neutral, and due to the minimum force concentration, its mass density must also be a minimum, and therefore, it is massive. (Density reduces mass volume as high density requires mass to be compressed and compression of force also reduces the mass volume.)

Although we have accepted there being four forces as fundamental forces, as already mentioned there are only three forces and in this thesis we have already understood that the force gravity is the truly fundamental force since the other two forces the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force emerge through it. Nevertheless, unlike the magnetic force that emerges in reaction and depends on the on-going process of its emergence to exist, the two electric forces exist as entities of gravity with distinct force carriers and therefore, there is no harm in considering them as fundamental forces.

Basically speaking, the strong force and the electromagnetic force make the building blocks of the Universe – the quarks and electrons respectively. The radioactive decay helps change the electric charge or the volume and density of mass of particles by shedding some mass, especially of the nucleus. The shed mass emerges as quark combinations; yet, only to turn quickly into certain other particles and never back into a gluon. Why that is because, if we take for example the W^- which is of three strange quarks that emerge in the neutron beta decay that turns a down quark of 10MeV of mass into an up quark of 5MeV of mass, we must first understand that the down quark is a part of a quark combination that has already emerged through a gluon as a gluon never gives rise to a single quark but to a quark combination. Thus, the down quark accounts only for a part of the force in the gluon that gave rise to the quark combination that included the down quark. Now, when radioactive decay takes place within the down quark it decays into an up quark by decaying just about half of its mass into a gluon that quickly turns into a three strange quark combination which we identify as the W^-. A gluon emerging from a part of the mass of the down quark is only possible since there are eight kinds of gluons and certainly the gluon that emerges through the decay of the down quark is among the eight kinds of gluons for it instantly turns into a combination of three strange quarks.

Thus, it is quite evident that the strong nuclear force is carried by eight different force carriers in order to give rise to various quark combinations and not to make multiple electrical charges – the so called colour charge as we have forced ourselves to believe in our ignorance of the facts. Since now we understand what is an electric charge is, we know that there cannot be multiple electric charges and there is no necessity for such a force. Most importantly, we have also resolved in this thesis the issue with Pauli’s exclusion principle which pushed us to look for a solution (colour charge) to an imaginary problem created due to our ignorance of facts. If we knew of the force-mass equivalence, that fact alone would have prevented us from looking for a nuclear binding force to bind the nucleus together and a colour force to bind the quarks together.

Now, one of the greatest facts that emerge in the neutron beta decay is that there is no such thing called ‘quantum physics’ that we could apply to every aspect of elementary particle physics because, the neutron beta decay is evidence that the strong force carriers the eight gluons are not in true quantum state since a quark of a quark combination that has emerged through a gluon could give rise to another gluon with just part of its mass and if the quark combination associated with the down quark has emerged with a true quantum gluon, even if the whole down quark annihilates or decays let alone decaying to shed half of its mass, a gluon cannot emerge with that mass to give rise to yet another quark combination – the three strange quark combination which is the W^-. That certainly shatters quantum field theory being a blanket theory covering all aspects of particle physics because; if the strong force doesn’t come under it we must understand the limitations in quantum mechanics. A great fact that confirms that matter is the existence of eight gluons carrying the strong force. The eight gluons are of varying force values and therefore they are hardly basic quanta as force carriers. However, this phenomenon is not unique to the strong force and we find the force gravity being carried by three different neutrinos. Nevertheless, rather than having different force values as the case is with the gluons, the three types of neutrinos seem to carry the hallmarks of their birth to defer from one another since emerging through particle interactions. Therefore, apart from such differences, neutrinos seem to carry same or similar force values so that they do not tend to merge, although oscillate. If we think the neutrinos are massive, that is something unfounded since we have no evidence on the existence of a different neutrino other than the three types of neutrinos in existence, and on the other hand, we cannot decide on the volume of quantum especially in spite of the fact that the nature has decided on different volumes for quanta as force carriers depending on the needs of each of its three forces.

Continued:

                                                                                                    top

Why there are no free Gluons

Why the Gluons interact with each other

(Both theories woven together.)

We have already understood the fact that the strong nuclear force exists for the specific purpose of providing the primary building blocks of the Universe and that is the constituents of the atomic nucleus. The atomic nucleus is a complex composite structure made of nucleons and the nucleons are complex composite structures of quark combinations. Although quarks emerge in combinations, they are different to each other and not only the two nucleons, but some virtual particles also emerge through the quark combinations for specific tasks and therefore, the quarks and quark combinations are complex particles that differ from one another in order to create more complexity. The neutrons turning into protons and the protons turning into neutrons are a good example on that. However, the quark combinations are composite elementary particles and therefore, quark combinations are protected by not allowing to pull apart a single quark from a combination and for this purpose, in the event a quark is pulled apart, it could radiate the strong force by partial decay or total annihilation where virtual gluons are emitted in the only true radiation of force anywhere in the Universe. For this purpose the quarks must emerge with sufficient force depending on their combinations and for the specific tasks for which they emerge as they are unique and specific complex elementary particles.  Thus the strong force is carried by eight different force quanta for which we have given a wrong name (gluon) in our ignorance. While naming the strong force carriers is our history, due to the complexity of the tasks of the strong force, the force is carried by eight different carriers in order to give rise to different combinations of quarks as explained above. Now, although we expect any quantum value to be the minimum possible, the strong force tells us that is not the case and proves it with eight different force quanta. However, we know that, quantum value of a force should be the minimum possible at least theoretically because, the strong force having eight different quanta is not without a hitch. Where force quanta are not of the minimum possible value (volume) they have the tendency to merge and that is a concern with the strong force carriers.     That is exactly why there are no free gluons and that means, if they exist freely, without being true quanta they will interact with each other and since they are not of quantum property they would tend to merge easily and make the so called glue balls. True to that fact, we know that the gluons interact with each other but unfortunately we thought that is due to carrying the co called colour charge and now we have found the facts on these phenomena.

The purpose of the strong force is to create the most fundamental of elementary particles (protons and neutrons) that are complex structures in order to build various elements and therefore to hold the basic structure of the quark combinations with utmost stability. Thus, there is the unique ability of the quark combinations to radiate the strong force to hold their union intact. In that respect the quark confinement means a gluon is a quantum that cannot be reduced. That is why the quark combination that has emerged from a gluon cannot be separated to individual quarks. Nevertheless, in preventing that happening, a quark combination could emit a few secondary (virtual) gluons and that is in fact, reducing a quantum (the original gluon) even momentarily.   However, reducing a quantum momentarily is hardly a unique ability of the strong force because as we have already discussed, the emergence of antiparticles means a momentary partition of a force quantum. Yet, it is quite clear that the gluons are not basic quanta. What that means is, together with the so called energy-mass equivalence, special and general relativity, weak nuclear force and quantum physics, without understanding the basic physics even to understand the forces of nature the primary constituents of the Universe, we have made cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics a great jumble in the 20^th century.

The first thing that is evident in the neutron beta decay is that the strong force and the EM force working in tandem together with the force gravity. The W^- with its composition of three strange quarks is a particle of the strong force. The electron and the anti-neutrino that emerge through the decay of the W^- are of the EM force and the force gravity.  If a particle of a particular force could absorb or emit a particle – especially a gauge boson of another force, the phenomenon proves two facts. Firstly, it proves that both forces concerned have emerged in the concentration of the force gravity and therefore, apart from their different strengths they are basically same. Secondly, it proves that mass is also a concentrated form of a force. Those two facts prove the basis of this theory of everything is correct.

The following Feynman type diagrams on a few selected particle interactions clearly depict the interrelation of the forces of nature, which proves their emergence through a single underlying force, merely with different concentrations of force; and mass and charge are nothing but the manifestations of force under great concentration and therefore products of the force.

The diagram below indicates the emergence of an electron through the interaction and annihilation of an electron positron pair, which in turn decays into a pair of photons. This is a simple example of the force-mass and charge equivalence. A single electron emerging through the annihilation of an electron positron pair means the newly emerged electron must hold all the force of the previous electron positron pair. It is interesting and of course important for us to understand how it is possible. The electron is the lightest particle of mass with MeV .511 and eV1 charge. Of all particles of mass, we cannot expect an electron to be massive in holding the force equivalent of an electron positron pair especially because the electron is also the particle orbiting the atomic nucleus in making the atom and since quite a number of electrons may orbit the nucleus depending on the element, we can expect the volume of the electron to be always tiny and uniform. However, a charged particle doesn’t have to become massive in their emergence with extra force than usual because, the excess force could manifest as the electric charge the particle carry, instead of making the particle massive. Since force concentration is the factor behind the emergence of mass and charge, a particle of a kind (but of charged particles) must always emerge with the same mass density and volume and therefore with the same amount of force that turns into mass; and the rest of the force could concentrate to manifest as charge and since charge is the manifestation of the force under a particular degree of concentration which may depend on making fractional or elementary charge, any amount of force could be in a particular concentration that would give a fractional or the elementary charge without making an impact with the amount of total force available under the charge and therefore, for instance, while an ordinary electron could only turn into an ordinary photon, an electron that holds extra force under its charge may emit a gamma ray photon  just as two different batteries could hold different amount of current of the same voltage so that one would last longer than the other since it is holding more current.

Thus, the single electron that emerge in the electron positron pair annihilation holds the extra force under its electric charge without becoming a massive electron and therefore, two photons could emerge from the decay of that electron of higher force value; and it is also obvious mass and electric charge have converted back into force since the photon is a massless force carrier and force carriers – gauge bosons, do not and do not need to carry a charge.

The next diagram is an example on the interrelation of the electromagnetic force and the force gravity where an electron positron pair giving rise to a Z⁰ particle and interestingly the electron reduces its force in order to have the Z⁰ emerge with the right amount of force so that the Z⁰ could decay into a pair of neutrinos.

The following diagram is a good example on the interrelation of all three forces and the force-mass and charge equivalence as well as force concentration being the factor and the basic process in all these phenomena. Here, an electron positron pair annihilates and produce a Z⁰ which decays into a quark, anti-quark pair and also into a gluon.

We know the quarks are of great mass density and the strong force carried by the gluon has the greatest force concentration. Nevertheless, being lightest particles, an electron positron pair could still give rise to all that and we already know how it happens. However, it is important to note the emergence of the charged quarks and the massless gluon from the massive and therefore of low density neutral particle Z⁰. It is simple proof on force-mass and charge equivalence and force concentration being the basic process of the emergence of everything and thus, everything emerging from one element.

Let us now begin with analysing these amazing phenomena that have so far defeated human intelligence. The strong force is not very well understood and in fact, terribly misconceived and made to be a jumble. Most of what we know about the strong force has been decided when our knowledge in elementary particle physics is inadequate to do so. Thus, we have painted the strong force with three colours and call it a colour force while not knowing what the phenomenon we call an electric charge really is. Before we define what an electric charge is, we must understand how false (not only incorrect but also deceptive since the colouring is beautiful. Is it physics or elegance of logic behind the colour charge? We shall see), what we have understood is. If not, we wouldn’t be able to let the colours fade away. 

If the so called colour charges ‘red’, ‘green’ and ‘blue’ and their anti-colour charges are analogous to positive and negative electric charges, how could there be three different positive and negative colour charges instead of one positive and one negative colour charge? What are the differences between the red, green and blue charges? Do we know how they differ from one another? The answer is ‘no’ because there are no different electric charges than the plain positive and negative charges. The so called colour charge is only a convenient answer to a problem of our ignorance.  We have made the strong force a jumble of colours (although the so called colours are imaginary), only to go alone with Wolfgang Pauli’s exclusion principle of 1925.  

Whatever went wrong, the exclusion principle is cleaver thinking by Pauli. According to Pauli’s principle, the W^- which consist of three strange quarks should not exist because; the rule prohibits particles with spin ½ such as quarks to occupy the same quantum state since, when two of the three strange quarks of the W^- spin in opposite directions the third quark has no third direction to spin and therefore the exclusion principle implies that particles like the W^- and Ω^- (delta particles) that consist of three of the same quarks should not exist. But they do exist even for a short time and we invented the so called colour charge to make the combination of three of the same quarks possible for the emergence of the particles like the W, and the Omega. If the exclusion principle is correct, whether we attribute three colour charges to the three strange quarks of the W^- or call them Jack and Jill and the hill the W^- should not exist (in fact, the W^- does not exist. It only emerges to decay the next moment) since according to the rule the third quark in the combination cannot occupy the same quantum state occupied by one of the other quarks. No property in the quarks could let the third quark in the W^- find a third direction to spin because there is no third direction. Thus, the third quark must spin in the same direction as of another in the combination. If that is still happening in the emergence of the W^- despite Pauli’s prohibition why do we need a colour charge to make it possible; all we must understand is that there is a reason for that and that is not only Pauli but nature also does not want the Ws to live long. Thus, in order to make the W a resonance particle of very short mean life of 10^-25 seconds, three strange quarks forms the W and we failed to grasp that simple fact because we were chasing after an imaginary weak nuclear force. Considering the W and the Z particles to be force carriers was a great blunder by us where the force equals mass and thus, mass is the secondary form of a force and since turned into mass, the force in mass is largely inactive and remains a residue in mass.

There is no weak nuclear force anywhere other than in the confused ignorant mind. The Ws emerge from the strong force and the Z emerges from the electromagnetic force and being particles of mass they are not force carriers. Considering them as intermediate force carriers simply because they are of mass and emerging through decay or interactions is an idea of our ignorance. Interestingly and of course sadly, even in assuming these particles of mass to be force carriers we have failed to understand the force-mass equivalence.  We don’t see a particle that has emerged from the so called weak nuclear force because there is no such force in existence where a force of nature must exist primarily as massless quanta and there is no exception to that rule because, there is only one truly fundamental force of nature and the other forces emerge only through the concentration of the fundamental force according to the degree of concentration in them and therefore, if there is a weak nuclear force with the degree of concentration lower than that of the electromagnetic force, that force must emerge  last in the concentration of the fundamental force and must necessarily emerge in massless quanta since, where the force concentration is the primary physical process of the emergence of the Universe, mass is only the secondary form of a concentrated force that is already in existence in massless quanta. Thus, when there are no massless quanta of a force that is of a lesser degree of concentration of the basic force, there is no weaker concentrated force than the electromagnetic force and that means there is no weak nuclear force in existence. The so called weak nuclear force carriers W & Z particles emerge through the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force and the particles that emerge through the decay of the W and Z belong  mainly to the EM force and to the force gravity and sometimes to the strong force as they are the only forces of nature in existence.  Further, we don’t see a weak force instrumental in the radioactive decay in the first place, as radioactive decay takes place spontaneously within particles of mass. The electric forces emerge as concentrations of force gravity and with further concentration of the electric forces mass and the electric charge may emerge in mass. Whether mass carry a defined electric charge or not, all mass have emerged from the two electric forces and therefore, all mass are radioactive since emerged from electric forces and radioactivity is a spontaneous electrical phenomenon. We shall further clarify what that means.  

Continued:

                                                                                                                                top 

What is Radioactive Decay and why Decay?

 (There is no weak nuclear force)

In fact, radioactivity or radioactive decay is basically the fall back or the unwinding of the process of the origin of a substance. Where the substance is an electrical phenomenon and an electric force is a concentrated force that has emerged in the process of concentration of a basic force and not a force that exists naturally like the force gravity (the basic force) and what is not naturally existing is not everlasting and thus, the electric forces that have emerged eventually, must carry the spontaneous process of unwinding themselves back to their basic constituent – the force gravity.  And for that matter, emergence of electric forces through the concentration of the basic force gravity is the fundamental physical process of the Universe through which everything else emerged. Therefore, when no physical process of the Universe except the natural inherent character of the fundamental force is everlasting, any physical process that emerges through the fundamental force is nothing but extravaganza of the fundamental force that emerge due to the bubbly nature of the force and where only the fundamental force is conservable none of its extravagant physical processes or phenomena could be everlasting. Where the processes are not everlasting, whatever substance that emerge through a process cannot be everlasting. Thus, when all substances have emerged from the fundamental process now known to us as the concentration of force, all substances are transient since the process of their emergence or formation is not everlasting and instead, naturally reversing since only the fundamental constituent of whatever substance is everlasting and therefore, conservable.

Any physical process that helps the emergence of substances through the fundamental element cannot be considered permanent or everlasting especially due to the nature of the fundamental element which is a force of nature and thus, a bubbly aspect and therefore, any extravaganza that emerge through the force, for instance the concentrated form of a force that emerge through the fundamental force, is not permanent and we have enough evidence on that in particle interactions that we have already analysed. Therefore, whatever physical process that emerge from the excited nature of the fundamental force cannot be everlasting and must be transient. Thus, whatever substance that emerge through such a physical process must also be transient. True to that fact, all substances are transient and the fundamental element is conserved.

The primary phenomenon of force concentration is the process of emergence of concentrated forces or the electric forces and what we have identified as radioactivity or radioactive decay is the natural process of their destruction back to the original form and therefore, whatever that emerge through these forces are also subject to the spontaneous process known as the  radioactive decay. Thus, decay does not require a special force responsible for the process rather than the decay process be spontaneous and we must establish that fact as a great law in physics especially because, if decay requires a special force, where only the fundamental force is everlasting, a special force is not everlasting or conserved and thus, decay wouldn’t be an everlasting process and in that case, if the process of decay comes to an end, nothing more is possible beyond that point because decay is also transformation into another form and therefore, without decay the emergence of anything is not possible. Thus, when spontaneous decay is a factor in the emergence of anything and therefore, a factor in the very emergence of the Universe, a weak nuclear force to be responsible for decay is nothing but an idea of our ignorance. Now, the establishment of the following law on spontaneous decay is well founded and of course necessary.

‘All substances that emerge in a physical process must carry within themselves the means of their spontaneous destruction for the reversal to their basis – the original form, since only the fundamental element of the Universe through which everything else emerge, is conserved. However, the physical processes of the emergence, evolution and existence of all substances that have emerged through the excited nature of the fundamental element which is a force of nature, are not everlasting but transient. Thus, all substances are transient’.

If that is not the way with everything that emerges to be the Universe, the consequences are such; life is simply not possible to emerge because what does not decay cannot re-emerge or grow by change of form which are the fundamental aspects of life and decay is basically the change of form rather than ultimate destruction. Obviously, physics and therefore, the emergence of the Universe are due to the transformation of substances. Decay is the mode of transformation and thus, decay is the change of form that may reverse the process of the emergence of a substance or change that process by beginning with the destruction of the present form of a substance. Therefore, decay could be destruction back to basis, and also transformation into another form. In here we can understand that, decay being transformation into another form, decay is also growth or construction rather than mere destruction. Growth is the fundamental form (feature) of life and physics being the science of that fundamental aspect of matter, physics is the foremost science of all sciences. Thus, the above law being correct is quite obvious and therefore, all substances are transient. Interestingly, rather than feel sad about the transience or the impermanence of everything, we got to be happy that it is so, so that, life is possible.

Since the W^- emerges with three strange quarks in order to be an unstable particle and a very short lived resonance at that, our invention of the so called colour force was useless. Just as the exclusion principle prohibits the existence of the W^-, it doesn’t exist even long enough for us to observe. We only know of it’s momentarily existence by other means and that is by observing the tracks of stable particles that emerge from the decay of the W^-. Thus, just as there is no weak nuclear force, there is no colour force or colour charge. Both these aspects were great blunders in modern astrophysics. While the idea of the weak nuclear force was mainly due to misconceptions, the idea of the colour force was due to our ignorance on the force mass equivalence and the electric charge. If we knew the fact that the quarks emerge from the strong force, do we need to attribute a colour force or a colour charge to the quarks to hold together?

We have invented the so called colour charge to get around an imaginary problem due to our ignorance on facts. We find the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is also misleading similarly or rather; we have rushed to find shelter in the uncertainty principle where we do not understand the physics.

Ever since the idea of the colour charge, the strong force has become a two in one force and that is colour force acting between the quarks and a residual colour force acting between atomic nucleons which are quark combinations. While the idea of the colour charge and therefore the colour force is a great misconception, the strong force indeed acts differently between quarks and between quark combinations and that means between nucleons. Finding out why that is will be interesting physics and of course important physics. With such facts we will understand our mistakes. The fundamental drawback in our part is, not knowing the force-mass equivalence. If we understood that, we would have known what the force gravity is and what the electric forces are and therefore, we would have understood what an electric charge is. The so called chromodynamics is false physics. Let’s see why. The definition of electric charge will simply tell us why. (You may also refer to the theory of electric forces and charge.)

Electric charge is not a great phenomenon that is difficult to understand. Instead, electric charge is a simple phenomenon so easy to understand. The short and sweet explanation is electric forces and the charge is nothing but concentrated force that only differs with the rate of concentration. That means an electric force is a lesser concentration of force compared to the charge where the strength of the force is further enhanced and electric charge is greatly concentrated force. However, mass emerges with further concentration of an electric force as a product of the force concentration since compression and contraction are the factors where the force is subjected to enormous heat. Thus, charge needing greater concentration of force can only emerge in mass, since charge is also a product of force concentration. Although we call the electric forces are fundamental forces, gravity is the only and truly fundamental force through which the other forces emerge as concentrated forces of gravity. A physical force of nature is a naturally active element that exists in quantum state. Thus, force gravity is an active element. When the force is concentrated its effect as an active element is increased. It is this enhanced effect that we call electric. Thus, the electric forces can differ from one to another only with the level or the degree of concentration of the underlying force. Therefore, a stronger force could emit or absorb a lesser force. When that happening is quite evident in elementary particle physics (particle interactions), such phenomena confirms in turn the fact that the electric forces being concentrated forms of an underlying force.

The emergence and the decay of the Z⁰ particle is perhaps the best example on electric forces, mass and the electric charge being different forms of highly concentrated force gravity. The electron or the positron is the lightest particle. Nevertheless, the electron-positron annihilation gives rise to a massive Z⁰ particle. How is it possible? The secret behind the phenomenon is the electric charge carried by the electron and the positron. The electric charge being highly concentrated and compressed form of force, with their dissolution in the annihilation of the electron and the positron the Z⁰ emerges a neutral massive particle of mass with minimum force concentration required for mass to emerge so that, mass density is minimal and the volume of mass is great. Such properties were required for the Z⁰ being a very short lived resonance just as the charged W particles. In our ignorance of these facts, we were pursuing a ‘neutral current’. Neutral means no current and thus, there is no such thing called neutral current. However, mass is a concentrated form of force. Thus, it is not possible for a particle of mass to emerge from the basic force gravity unless the force is concentrated to a certain extent and the reason for the Z⁰ to be massive is it has emerged with the minimum required concentration of the force. Although emerge from the electromagnetic force, the Z⁰ being a particle of near basic gravity due to its low density of mass, mostly and easily gives rise to the three kinds of neutrinos – the carriers of basic force gravity. The Z⁰ also proves gravity being the underlying force and concentration of force being the basic process of the emergence and the evolution of the Universe by giving rise to the particles generally emerging through the electric forces such as the photons, electrons, tauons, quarks etc.

Let us now take up a few more of the vital phenomena that the theory of everything made possible for us to understand.

Continued:

                                                                                                                                top

Quark confinement, asymptotic freedom and all that jazz

The Quark Confinement

We know that the quarks emerge from gluons and always in combinations and stay combined and therefore, there are no single quarks. Quarks emerge in three and two quark combinations and while most of the three quark combinations are stable the two quark combinations that we call mesons are virtual particles. Interestingly, in the three quark combinations we find the quarks do not stick together and instead, they have a freedom of movement in their union which is now called asymptotic freedom that compared to the freedom of a chained gang for which the two discoverers were honoured with the great Nobel Prize for physics. We also know that the strong nuclear force is carried by eight different force carriers – gluons, compared to the electromagnetic force carried by one type of photons. (In that respect, we may disregard the gamma ray photon that emerges in particle interactions and the fact that we knew nothing about gravity to know its force carrier.) One more thing that we knew about the strong force is that there are no free gluons in the Universe. Thus, we have come a long way in astrophysics, but unfortunately, we don’t know the reasons behind any of that and worst still is, not knowing any of that means we have no idea of how the atom forms and do not know much about the strong nuclear force; and now it is needless to say that we needed a ‘Theory of Everything’ for our progress in cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics.

Now that we have discussed the theory of everything to a great extent, we are well and truly in a better position to understand the strong nuclear force and its associated phenomena including the formation of the atom where the electron may seems to have nothing else to do other than circling the atomic nucleus. Let us now find the secrets behind the amazing phenomena of the strong force and of course, also the secret behind the electron’s unquenchable desire to dance around the atomic nucleus that make atoms.

Understanding the reasons for the quark confinement which means why there are no single quarks will lead us to understand the other phenomena we just mentioned earlier. However, we must first eliminate a great misconception on the strong force in order to understand the strong force. The theory of everything we have so far discussed is basically the force-mass equivalence. That means mass have emerged from forces of nature and therefore carry the characteristics of their force of origin and that means, unlike in the false energy-mass equivalence where mass believed to have emerged through an unknown energy and we had to arbitrarily use the forces to glue mass together, since mass have emerged through forces of nature and have inherited the attractiveness of their force of origin, mass stick together without our having to glue them together using a force, and to say especially in here, like we have done with the strong force and called the strong force carriers the gluon meaning ‘glue-on’. Thus, we have being referring to gluons binding quarks together to form protons and neutrons and also the mesons. (Particles composed of quarks are collectively called hadrons and hadrons are classified into two categories called ‘baryons’ composed of three quarks and ‘mesons’ composed of two quarks.) Since we got the basics wrong with the false energy-mass equivalence, we found the natural forces in short supply even for the vital aspects in creating the building blocks of the Universe and we rushed to create our own forces such as the nuclear binding force and colour force to help out but unfortunately, they are nothing but added to the jumble we have created. The virtual meson is hardly a binding agent. How exactly the virtual meson holds the nucleus together? A particle of mass is not a force carrier in the first place. On the other hand, even under the false energy=mass physics, releasing mesons always as a binding force by the nucleus will lead to the destruction of the nucleus. Yet, we have failed to realise such shortcomings in our part. Now when we know force equals mass we don’t need especial binding agents to hold a nucleon together or the nucleus together. The so called proton + proton electrical repulsion at the nucleus is false physics. It is a neutral proton (a proton and an electron combination which is neutral) that is added to a nucleus. Thus, there is no proton + proton repulsion at the nucleus requiring a great force for binding the nucleus together. We shall see how it is done, after understanding why the asymptotic freedom of the quarks is for?

Thus, quarks emerge in combinations from the strong force carriers the gluons and therefore, it is quite wrong to say that the gluons act as glue between quarks to hold them together in a combination. We have failed to understand the vital fact that a quark combination is a composite fundamental particle that emerges through a single gluon. There are no free gluons to act as such a binding agent anyway. It is the gluons that turn into quark combinations. When we discussed the force-mass equivalence earlier, we mentioned that, when a force turns into mass the force is largely ineffective and mass is left with a residue force and therefore, mass may carry a charge in order to exert a reasonable force. Electric charge is part of the force that did not manifest as mass in the concentration of the electric forces but extremely intensified to manifest as the charge in mass in the concentration of the force that turned into mass. Although electric charge is highly intensified force, it is only a part of the force that manifest as the charge and even otherwise, the charge being a concentration, the charge is never greater than the full force of the particle. Thus, in particle interactions, if a particle of mass needs to exert a force greater than the electric charge it carries, the particle may annihilate and turned into a force carrier equivalent to the mass and charge of the particle.

However, unlike the electromagnetic force that has only one type of carrier, the strong force is carried by eight different carriers (gluons) making complex physical phenomena possible with the mass emerging through them. The strong force is not carried by multiple carriers in order to make multiple electric charges as we have misunderstood. We now know that the so called colour charge is an invention with total ignorance on electric charge. The different types of gluons existing as the basic force carriers (quanta) of the strong nuclear force give rise to different quark combinations and make oscillation among quarks possible and that also make confinement of quarks to respective combinations possible.

Now, why the quark confinement is necessary because, unlike the quark combinations that are virtual baryons and mesons, the two combinations that are baryons and of course nucleons that we specifically call protons and neutrons are the most fundamental elementary particles and of course the primary building blocks (together with the electron and the neutrino) of the Universe and their complex composite structure is a primary requirement for the emergence of the atom and the emergence of various elements through the complexity of the atoms; and therefore, quark confinement is necessary to protect the emergence of these combinations of building blocks of the Universe.

Continued:

                                                                                                                               top

Why the Asymptotic freedom of Quarks?

In that respect, we also know that since understanding the facts on antiparticles/antimatter, a law of physics implies that “a quantum force cannot be subdivided and must remain intact. Therefore, mass that emerge through a quantum force cannot be separated affectively and permanently”. Due to these facts, the quarks have the ability to partially annihilate and emit a few gluons to keep their combination intact. If a quark is pulled further apart from a combination, it will annihilate (decay) into a gluon and the gluon will turn back into a combination of quarks as the gluons – the strong force exists mainly to provide the primary constituents of matter – the quarks which makes the atomic nucleus with the most fundamental elementary particles that led us to have a wrong notion due to their complex composition with three quarks, of which the combination can be changed since a greater complexity is required with these primary building blocks as the atomic number – the number of protons in the atomic nucleus, decides the identity of an element. Strictly speaking, the atomic number determines the chemical properties of an atom and therefore, of an element. The total number of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in an atom is the atomic mass number. The difference in mass number in atoms while the atomic number is same makes isotopes which have identical chemical properties, yet very different nuclear properties. Thus, we can understand that, the protons and neutrons being nucleons that make the atomic nucleus have to be composite particles to achieve greater complexity and without which and that means without the nucleons being composite particles, it is not possible for the atoms to emerge in complex entities. Therefore, due to such significance, the quarks emerge in combinations through quantum strong force which guarantees the stability of their union with amazing yet simple physics that held them confined without having to glue them together with any kind of glue, which confused and misled us and in fact, confused us further to be clueless on the little freedom of movement the individual quarks have within their close union for which we somehow managed to give a respectable definition – the “asymptotic freedom” although it doesn’t explain the facts behind the phenomenon or why it exists.

Quark combinations making the protons and neutrons or in other words, making the nucleons as composite particles is also necessary for the formation of the atoms which we have failed to understand so far. Thus, not only the asymptotic freedom, we must also understand the secrets and that mean the true physics behind the formation of the atom. As physicists we cannot possibly say for an explanation that the electron’s attraction to the atomic nucleus is ‘legendary’. The negatively charged electron’s electrical attraction to the positively charged proton is not enough for the electron to circle the nucleus. Why does the electron circle the nucleus without interacting with the proton as should happen due to the electrical attraction? What does keep the electron at bay? But first, let’s understand the asymptotic freedom which is of course, legendary. Legend also has it compared to the freedom of a chained gang. Amazing physics? Well, let’s make physics amazing. We will soon learn that the whole structure of the Universe rests on the quark confinement. So, let’s see why the quarks are endowed with the freedom of a chained gang. If that was not legendary, we shall make it legendary. It is that important.

The atomic nucleus is an amazing structure to determine the characteristics of all the elements; strictly speaking, with the atomic number which is the number of protons in the nucleus of a natural element which range from one proton for the hydrogen to 92 for the uranium. That number could be greater in artificial elements. Although the neutron doesn’t have such significance, the fact that the neutron could turn into a proton  and a proton could turn into a neutron (in beta and alpha decay or in meson exchange interactions) means we could consider the significance generally of the atomic nucleus in here rather than the significance of a nucleon, the proton, since our probe is to understand the physics on a particular aspect concerning the basic structure of the Universe – the asymptotic freedom or the freedom of the quarks to move in a combination especially because two of the quark combinations makes the atomic nucleus.

The nucleons that make the nucleus must be complex structures in order to achieve complexity in atoms that form and at the same time, the nucleus must be a stable structure and therefore, the nucleons must be stable structures. Interestingly, while the proton is stable over 10³² years, the free neutron lives for mere 896 seconds. So the secret here in the stability of the nucleus is that the neutron becomes stable in union in the nucleus. That means their stability and the transience are electrical phenomena due to their composite structure of charged quarks that would make an impact in different combinations. Thus, we can understand the importance of these quark combinations that leads to create immense complexity. Now we can probe deep into their physics.  

Continued:  

                                                                                                                                 top

Magnetism - the governing force of the Universe

However, since we have understood what magnetism is and how magnetism emerges, the asymptotic freedom is no more a mystery and the physics behind the phenomenon is now quite clear. That is evidence of the interrelation of all the phenomena of the Universe due to everything emerging through one thing as we have mentioned early in this thesis and therefore, the interrelation of our theories is also evident. The quarks in combination have the freedom of movement since they must spin to create not only a magnetic moment but also a magnetic sphere around the particle they make, to keep the electrons that attract to the nucleons and therefore to the nucleus, at bay and prevents the electron from interacting with the nucleons or the nucleus. It is around this magnetic sphere that the electron shell forms around the atomic nucleus. If the nucleons – the protons and the neutrons are not composite particles, simply the formation of the atom together with the waltzing constituent electron is not possible let alone forming complex atoms with varying number of nucleons and electrons. Thus, asymptotic freedom is not mere happenstance but great physics by nature.

In short, the atomic nucleus must be a complex structure in order to have a magnetosphere generated alone its spin axis. Individual particles of mass only develop a magnetic moment alone their spin axis and not a magnetosphere. Only aggregated mass develop magnetospheres around their ultimate spin axis, a phenomenon that emerges due to the individual spinning of aggregated matter. Thus, the atomic nucleus must be a composite particle to be similar to aggregated mass in order to develop a magnetosphere around its spin axis to form atoms with an electron shell around the nucleus. We have already discussed the importance of these complexities since everything is emerging through one thing. Thus, the nucleons emerge as composite particles of quarks in combinations. The quarks are confined to their combinations since they are unique particles although not all of them are nucleons. If we focus our attention only to the two composite particles that are nucleons to understand these phenomena, we already know why the quarks are confined to their combinations. They, the quarks form a unique elementary particle in a composite state to mimic aggregated mass and they have a little freedom of movement in order to spin individually and generate a magnetosphere along the collective spin axis of the particle that is a nucleon. Out of the two nucleons, the positively charged proton attracts the negatively charged electron and the magnetosphere around the proton is vital to keep the electron away from interacting with the proton and at the same time to make the electron’s association with the proton long-lasting since, together they make the atom and make complex atoms that are various elements and also keep them electrically neutral. (This theory continues below.)

                                                                                                                           top

The Formation of the Atom

Nothing more has to be said about the asymptotic freedom that puzzled us for so long. Nevertheless, we must also discuss next the formation of the atom made possible by this simple yet amazing phenomenon to understand its importance rather than staying happy with being humorous to compare the phenomenon to the freedom of a chained gang. It is due to our ignorance on basic physics that these physical phenomena either failed to make an impact on their importance or looked great mysteries and the Universe thus became quite extraordinary with awe inspiring phenomena. Before we leave the atomic nucleus, let us solve a little hitch that has gone too far since we knew of electrical repulsion and the proton being positively charged. We can solve the so called proton + proton repulsion with the beauty of the interrelation of the physical phenomena since understanding why the asymptotic freedom of the quarks is for. Since the proton is positively charged, we thought a great nuclear binding force is necessary to hold the atomic nucleus together to overpower the electrical repulsion where more than one proton make the atomic nucleus especially since we did not know of the force-mass equivalence and thus, we did not know that the protons and the neutrons that make the atomic nucleus have emerged from the strong nuclear force and therefore, not needing a special binding force or a binding agent like the meson we have suggested to hold the nucleus together. However, there is no electrical repulsion of the protons at the nucleus since an atom is electrically neutral due to the number of negatively charged electrons that circle the nucleus matches the number of positively charged protons in making the atom electrically neutral. In that respect, what is more important and of course more interesting also to understand is that as mentioned earlier, it is a neutral proton (with an electron orbiting) that is added to the atomic nucleus which is otherwise not possible due to electrical repulsion. Now it is time for us to understand the formation of the atom. We have gathered all the pieces of this jigsaw puzzle. Now let’s put them together.

The nucleons being composite particles help generate a magnetic sphere around their spin axis is a phenomenon that helps the formation of the atom. It is in the formation of the atom that we can understand the true importance of the asymptotic freedom of the quarks and especially, the importance of the fundamental building blocks of the Universe – the proton and the neutron being ‘Composite Elementary Particles’ (pl note their new definition. It is important to understand true physics) composed of three quarks without emerging as solid elementary particles like the electron.

Earlier we mentioned the importance of the atom to be a complex structure in order to develop greater complexity eventually as the primary wholesome unit (or the complete building block) of the Universe just as the molecule (simplest chemical unit composed of two or more atoms) is the primary wholesome unit or the building block of life. (The living cell is the basic unit of life.) If the proton and the neutron that make the atomic nucleus emerged as solid particles it is not possible for them to form the atomic nucleus, let alone making it possible for atoms to become complex. Thus, it is being composite particles that they make the nucleus and also help the atoms form together with their waltzing constituent the electron which also helps the atom to become complex further. While the protons as atomic number determines the chemical properties of an atom and therefore, an atom’s characteristics as an element, the electrons in orbital around the nucleus determines the atomic structure and also the chemical behaviour of atoms in molecules and the properties of larger aggregations of atoms. Thus, we can understand the importance of the general or the basic structure of the atom to be complex in order to develop greater complexity primarily and also eventually.

Now it is quite clear that the fundamental physical feature that makes the atoms to be complex is their composite structure as a whole. Basically, an atom is of two parts – the nucleus and the electron shell around the nucleus. While the electron shell could be of a single electron orbiting the nucleus or several electrons orbiting the nucleus, the nucleus could be of a single proton or several protons and neutrons combined; and then, further down the track the protons and neutrons are composite particles made of three quarks in each. It is in here that we begin to find the brilliance of the nature’s physics. We also find the significance and the dominance of the great phenomenon magnetism in the Universe that begins in the microscopic realm.

We studied electricity and magnetism all over again early in this thesis and now we know why the asymptotic freedom of the quarks is for. Of all the quark combinations our attention in here is focused on the two three quark combinations, the proton and the neutron that would make the atomic nucleus. Amazingly, nature chose to build these three quark combinations with just two types of quarks for greater flexibility in developing complexity in atoms and therefore, developing greater complexity with atoms. Thus, the up quark with a charge of + ²/3e and the down quark with a charge of - ¹/3e make the proton with two up quarks and a down quark (u,u,d) and the neutron with two down quarks and an up quark (d’d’u). Since quarks are charged particles, in building composite particles from the charged quarks, nature is utilising the electrical element to decide on the stability or the transience of such particles. Similarly, since asymptotic freedom allows the quarks to spin and since spin is due to an intrinsic nature of matter, although spin emerges in reaction, spin can be considered a quantum property of matter and true to that fact, nature is utilising spin also as a vital property in building particles with quarks. Thus, where the spin of a quark is not cancelled or adds to make the combined spin of the particle, such a composite particle is doomed. Thus, the very short lived resonance states like the W^- that emerges with three strange quarks (s,s,s)  decay in 10^-25 seconds.

Now we have understood the significance in building these two primary elementary particles as composite particles with which the atomic nucleus is formed also as a composite entity for greater flexibility in developing greater complexity. True to that fact, nature has built 92 different elements that simply based on the up and down quark and further increased their complexity by adding the electron for which, the amazing structure of the atom stands for the unsurpassed brilliance in physics by nature.

Thus, the primary constituents of the atom the quarks that makes the two particles destined to form the atomic nucleus, have a little freedom of movement in their close association to spin and generate a magnetic moment and a magnetic sphere around the spin axis of the nucleons and especially of the nucleus. In understanding why the asymptotic freedom is for, we understood why the nucleons have to be composite particles. Being composite particles where individual quarks are spinning and therefore being similar to aggregated mass that develop magnetospheres around their spin axis, the two nucleons proton and the neutron develop magnetospheres around their spin axis.  Interestingly, with its + 1e charge  the proton  attracts the electron due to the electron’s  – 1e charge and the magnetosphere around the proton keeps the electron at bay without allowing it to  interact with the proton and the electron experiencing electrical attraction and magnetic repulsion has (generally speaking) no escape from the trap and orbits the magnetosphere of the proton at  the speed of light and therefore, orbits 30 billion times a millisecond which makes somewhat an electron cloud or in fact a shell around the proton making the first atom with that very simple combination of one nucleon and one electron which is the hydrogen atom and the most abundant element of the Universe.

The + 1e charge of the proton cancelled by the electron’s – 1e charge makes the hydrogen atom electrically neutral and therefore it was possible for these atoms to combine and form other elements with increased atomic number and atomic mass number which basically means, more protons in the nucleus and more nucleons (protons and neutrons) in the nucleus respectively. Since the electron’s association with the proton, it is a neutral proton that is added to the atomic nucleus. Thus, the number of electrons that orbit the nucleus matches the number of protons in the nucleus to make the atom electrically neutral. Since the atom is electrically neutral, there is no proton-proton electrical repulsion in the nucleus. Thus, there is no need for a great nuclear binding force to hold the nucleus together. The idea of the colour force and the nuclear binding forces (formerly binding energies) was due to our ignorance in basic physics and especially due to the ignorance of the force mass equivalence. So we invented a colour force to hold the quarks together and misunderstood the meson to be a binding agent of the nucleus. Interestingly, when basically the nucleus is made of nothing but quarks, it is not quite clear why the so called colour force that supposed to be holding the quark combinations together couldn’t hold the nucleus made by quarks collectively.  On the other hand, how the quarks could be subjected to two kinds of electric charges at the same time – the colour charge and the ordinary electric charge the quarks carry, is also a question unanswerable with true physics. Let’s forget the regretful past and go forward with the progress we have made. The meson is not a binding agent. They do not even survive long enough to bind anything. What does hold the nucleus together once the meson decays? Does the nucleus emit a meson after a meson to hold itself together in its lifetime? We know that is not possible and that is not the case. Thus, having formed a composite structure with mass (quarks) that emerged from the strong nuclear force, the nucleus doesn’t need a special binding agent to hold together. The best thing needed to understand all that is not the knowledge of complex physics or mathematics, but common sense.   We must investigate the meson exchange to understand the purpose of their emergence if we cannot accept that purpose to be generating heat.

Now we understand the formation of the atom and especially, without any misconceptions in the process and of course, all the phenomena of the process are clear to us. Thus, since force equals mass, mass emerge with the ability to exert some force and therefore we don’t have to use any kind of glue to put the constituents of an atom together. The quarks that make the atomic nucleus emerge in combinations through the strong force carriers and since the particles that emerge through a quantum force cannot be separated the quarks have the freedom of a chained gang to move, so to speak. However, the idea of the quarks emerging in combinations with a little freedom of movement is to let them spin individually in order to generate a magnetic moment in reaction to the presence of the other quarks and especially to generate a magnetosphere around their collective spin axis as a composite particle. Thus, the proton and the neutron are born destined to form the atomic nucleus. While the neutron is electrically neutral, the proton is charged and therefore attracts the free and abundant oppositely charged electron and the magnetosphere around the proton prevents the negatively charged electron from interacting with the positively charged proton, but the electron kept at bay by the magnetosphere, choosing to dance around the proton like a hurricane in any kind of weather and making somewhat a cloud or a shell around the proton has already made the simplest atom with a single nucleon and that happens to be the most abundant element in the Universe, the hydrogen. The rest of the process of the formation of the complex atoms is now history that we have already discussed.

In the formation of the atom we understood the importance of magnetism. The magnetosphere around the atomic nucleus is an amazing magnetic phenomenon that emerges around the spin axis of aggregated mass that not only helps the formation of the atom, but together with gravitational attractions of mass, also helps the formation of planetary systems around stars. Magnetospheres around planets protect them from solar winds stripping their mass. Generally, there is hardly any physical phenomenon in the Universe where magnetism is not at play by some means. Since we understood the significance of magnetism in the microscopic realm and as we can now understand that there cannot be a Universe if not for this working bee like force that emerges in reaction, it is needless to say that magnetism is the dominant force of the Universe.

It was the force-mass equivalence that made it possible for us to understand the Universe like never before. The concentration of the underlying force of the Universe – the force gravity under immense heat is the basic process of the emergence and the evolution of the Universe and therefore, that basic process is responsible for all the physical phenomena of the Universe especially because everything in the Universe that makes the Universe as a whole emerging through that underling force and therefore, the indisputable inter-connectivity of all physical phenomena of the Universe which was quite evident to us in the grand thesis is a brilliant fact that in turn proves the force-mass equivalence that boils down to gravity-mass equivalence as that amazing force is the true underlying force of the Universe. Thus, force-mass equivalence that begets everything in the concentration of force is the true theory of everything.

                                                                                                                                                              top

The Trilogy of the Universe

The ‘Emergence’, ‘Evolution’ and the ‘Fate’ of the Universe

Please note that this theory is the last of the unprecedented long series of new theories and laws of physics published in this website as an additional measure to protect the author's priority on them and will be published in future as a book titled -  ‘The Grand Thesis of the Universe’ with mathematical interpretations added.  As mentioned earlier in this thesis, due to the interconnectivity of the theories as with the physical phenomena of the Universe, it is advised to the reader to read the whole thesis in order to fully understand certain aspects leading to and relating to this theory such as why the big bang theory is wrong and why the space is eternal, absolute and infinite and especially, to understand nothingness (space) cannot be created as has been implied by the big bang theory. Thus, the Universe emerged in the eternal, infinite and absolute space rather than in a nonsensical expanding space cocoon that said to have appeared under unphysical magical circumstances. Sadly, that was modern astrophysics and cosmology up to this point but never mind all that now since, finally we have managed to re-write history with true physics to respect human intelligence and thus, reading this Grand Thesis means you are simply reading its new chapter.   

In this theory we discuss the basic physics responsible for each of the above mentioned three aspects of the Universe that remain mysterious to modern physics and as we are currently aware of certain physical processes relating to the emergence, evolution and the destruction of the Universe if the Universe collapses upon itself; and on the other hand, since whatever that is currently unknown can be envisaged with our knowledge in physics once the basic processes behind the emergence, evolution and the fate of the Universe are explained, in here we do not go into a step by step detailed explanation of any of the said aspects of the Universe and especially on the evolution of the Universe where we know so much on the emergence of mass (particles) and the emergence of stars although we have made a terrible blunder in what equals mass. However, that blunder has also been corrected in this grand thesis of the Universe.

The trilogy of the Universe is not discussed in the given order due to the basic physical process behind all three aspects being the same and therefore, due to the interconnectivity of physical phenomena, it is recommended to read the whole theory to understand any of the three aspects as it is also recommended to read the whole thesis in order to fully understand any particular theory. As each of the said aspects (emergence, evolution and the collapse) of the Universe remains to be explained, three theories on the three aspects are woven together (for the reasons explained below)  for us to rightfully call the saga of the Universe ‘the trilogy of the Universe’.

Unlike the trilogy of the space presented in three standalone theories in ‘the grand thesis of the Universe’ mentioned above, the trilogy of the Universe is presented as an entwined theory of the three theories on the ‘emergence’, ‘evolution’ and the ‘fate’ of the Universe because, the basic physical process behind all these three aspects of the Universe happens to be the same and therefore, it is hard to discuss the three aspects separately without repeating what has been already discussed especially due to the interconnectivity of the phenomena. On the other hand we have a better reason for discussing the trilogy of the Universe together since certain facts discovered in the said thesis suggest that the emergence of the Universe to be cyclical and therefore, we have a dilemma at hand in discussing the fate of the Universe or the origin of the Universe. That means it is not really possible to predict the fate of the Universe without knowing certain facts about the Universe that could only be understood if we know how the Universe emerged. However, we do not know how the Universe emerged and it is also not really possible to know the emergence of the Universe without first knowing the physics behind the fate of the present Universe. That is because, if we have reason to believe that the emergence of the Universe to be cyclic, we must first understand how the present cycle of the Universe ends, in order to understand how a new cycle begins.  We have mentioned this fact earlier in the grand thesis when we discussed the falsity of the origin of the Universe as implied by the big bang theory. (Pl refer to such information posted in the above mentioned website especially to help the readers of this theory.) Without any doubt, the big bang theory was built on mere imaginations since there was not a clue (other than knowing the Universe is expanding) that would have led us to understand the origin of the Universe as cosmology and astrophysics were in their infancy at the time of the publication of the theory – the first quarter of the 20^th century. Unfortunately, that situation did not improve until this first decade of the 21^st century due to the very fact of accepting the rather nonsensical account of the big bang theory and equally nonsensical and yet, supposed to have been proven two theories of relativity and not to mention the false energy-mass equivalence (energy is not a fundamental element of the Universe that should exist in quantum form. There is no quantum energy and the photon does not also carry the so called energy as believed by physicists. Please visit the above mentioned website to understand), all of which greatly marred the progress of cosmology and astrophysics and created a great jumble that required us to find the theory of everything to correct our mistakes and get into the right path.  The author’s unprecedented and arguably unsurpassable grand thesis of the Universe did just that to the letter.

In the grand thesis of the Universe we have understood true physics to dump the rubbish that has littered cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics until the dawn of the 21^st century and thus, have found some facts as clues to understand the emergence of the Universe to be cyclic. Therefore, in this theory it is important for us to recall (in lieu of the original paper) what we understood in that respect since; we are now proceeding to predict the fate of the Universe and also the emergence and the evolution of the Universe and interestingly, if what we may loosely call the origin of the Universe means the re-emergence of the Universe; something that re-emerge must have been destroyed to re-emerge and thus, we could define that as the ultimate fate of the Universe which is ‘cyclic’ since, the destruction of the Universe leads to a new beginning once again.  When the Ultimate fate of the Universe is cyclic, we could only discus the re-emergence of the Universe instead of the true origin of the Universe since, the very origin has already been hidden in time as the emergence of the Universe became a recurring series – a cycle, where the beginning or the end cannot be found as in a circle. We shall come back to this matter after understanding more about it.

What makes us initially think of an ultimate fate of the Universe instead of just the fate of the Universe is the fact that the fundamental element that gives rise to a Universe being conservable and on the other hand, the space where the Universe exists is infinite and absolute and therefore, it is not logical for us to think that the existence of the Universe would eventually come to an end and its conserved fundamental element will scatter in the infinite space only to be lost without being of any use for evermore after being so useful in helping or simply letting even life manifest; which, cannot be considered as mere happenstance since we understand how phenomenal life is. Thus, we are naturally inclined to think that there is a meaning to the emergence and the existence of the Universe and if so we like to understand the Universe beyond what physics alone could explain. With that curiosity, we like to first understand what the fate of the Universe is as physics could explain before turning to metaphysics to go beyond and to our surprise or delight we find certain facts that suggest whatever the fate of the Universe is, that fate (eventual destruction) cannot possibly be its ultimate fate to make the existence of the Universe a one-off phenomenon. However, in this thesis we cannot venture (dare to express) beyond physics and for that matter, finding out the meaning of the emergence and the existence of the Universe is not the concern of physicists. (Those who like to understand such aspects of the Universe and life should wait for the publication of this author’s book ‘The Outrage and the Idyll’ which solves the riddle of life and also solves the mystery in Darwin’s ‘natural selection’ to confirm the evolution of species and answers other concerns about the Universe that are beyond the scope of physics.)

When we say the ultimate fate of something that obviously means the apparent or seeming fate of that thing is not the true end of that thing unless the so-called ultimate fate is specific. True to that definition, the fate of the Universe implied by the facts we have understood in the grand thesis is quite clearly not its ultimate fate. What makes it quite clear is the fact that the force that gives rise to mass or in other words, the force that gives rise to a Universe being always conservable. (*See below) Due to the conservancy of the fundamental element, certain elements that emerged through the fundamental element also remain conservable. Thus, if we find the fate of the Universe being eventually collapsing upon itself the fundamental element that gives rise to a Universe being conservable, the collapsed Universe must re-emerge eventually from the conserved elements. Therefore, the destruction of the Universe only means the end of its current phase and the Universe is bound to re-emerge from the conserved fundamental element together with other conserved elements.

(*The grand thesis of the Universe proves the 104 year old E=mc² being pseudo physics. In true physics, force equals mass and that fundamental force is gravity. The electric forces and mass and charge emerge in the concentration of gravity. Thus, ‘gravity=electric forces=mass and charge squared by c the speed of light’.)

If the Universe collapses upon itself, all matter will not convert into their basic form (fundamental element) since the Universe in its inward collapse will end up being a fireball and that means certain elements that make the fireball will survive and that will easily cause the transition into a new Universe but that is for us to discuss after finding how exactly the Universe would collapse upon itself, which is the utmost challenge for any physicist since no known physical phenomena at present indicates such a fate for the Universe.

If the Universe eventually falls back upon itself,  the ultimate fate of the Universe is of two folds – the ‘Fate of the present  Universe’ and the ‘Origin or the re-emergence of the Universe’ since, if the fate of the Universe is some kind of destruction partly or as a whole without having mass lost in the infinite space (which – losing mass, cannot happen as the Universe always stays as a whole and we shall discuss how that is),  whatever that is destroyed must re-emerge since the fundamental element that gives rise to a Universe (basically speaking, the element that gives rise to mass and mass mean the Universe)  is conservable. 

Apart from our logical thinking of the fate of the Universe based on the conservancy of the fundamental element that has given rise to the Universe and let it evolve in time, we have found facts in the grand thesis (especially relating to the quantum gravity which is the fundamental element of the Universe) that imply the origin of the Universe to be cyclic, what is the clue that we can depend on to decide the emergence of the Universe to be cyclical? Well, it is the fact that the fundamental element of the Universe is conservable and yet, there are no pure quanta of the fundamental element of the Universe present in the Universe and that explains the situation. In the grand thesis we understood a lot of astrophysics like never before; and especially, we understood some vital laws of physics that have been unheard in astrophysics. Without knowing those laws of physics, now it is obvious that, we were only feeling in the dark. However, two of the important fundamental laws established by the grand thesis imply the facts that, 1) any fundamental element of the Universe that gives rise to mass has to be a force of nature since, mass must emerge inheriting the characteristics of the force in order for their motions in space to emerge in reaction; (that law alone proves how nonsensical the energy-mass equivalence is) and 2) that force has to be in quantum physical form and be abundant to be everywhere in the Universe. True to those facts, we found the force gravity being the fundamental element of the Universe through which everything else emerges and the neutrino being the quantum gravity or the carrier of the force gravity. Thus, we could expect to find some pure quanta of gravity or in other words, primordial neutrinos remaining in the Universe since, due to their astronomical number in filling the space of the Universe, it should be possible for some neutrinos that have not involved in any nucleosyntheses or particle interactions that gives them a new identity in their subsequent existence. However, as far as we know at present, there are no primordial neutrinos or in other words, there are no quanta of gravity that have not involved in particle interactions or nucleosyntheses and re-emerged carrying hallmarks to link to some elementary particles, to say generally. In the theory of the quantum gravity we discussed the matter as follows in the ‘grand thesis of the Universe’.

“However, if gravity is the underlying force or the fundamental element of the Universe and the neutrino is the quantum gravity, when mass is the secondary form of a force since, mass emerges in force concentration, there should be primordial neutrinos other than the three types of neutrinos that emerge through the interactions of particles of mass. In other words, if force gravity is the underlying force of the Universe, when a force exists in quanta, the quantum gravity must exist prior to the emergence of matter – massless concentrated (electric) force carriers and particles of mass. That means there should be a type of neutrino other than the electron, muon, and the tau neutrino trio we find in the Universe. If there is no forth type of neutrino that we could find to be the primordial, what could that mean? Neutrino is not the quantum gravity; is it? Certainly not. Instead, such a conclusion would be a terrible short sight depicting our ignorance.

Interestingly, if there are no primordial neutrinos in the Universe, that tells us a great deal indeed. The great deal the lack of primordial neutrino or the quantum gravity of the bygone day tells us, start with revealing perhaps the most desired information of the Universe and that is of the origin (the emergence) of the Universe. Well, here is a great point for our amusement; and therefore, let us do the explaining later and know the facts boldly first to inspire awe.

So, ‘no primordial neutrinos in the Universe’ means the emergence of the Universe was cyclic for that to have happened and that means if the Universe has emerged and evolved a number of times previously, the primordial neutrinos have been used up in nucleosyntheses so that what is left now is the neutrinos that have re-emerged through such nucleosyntheses carrying the hallmarks to link to the three associated elementary particles – the electron, muon and the tau.  With that, the epic of the Universe reveals us the existence of the space is eternal and infinite. The space that is eternal and infinite is basically an absolute void although there could be a Universe or two in it. (Such is the possibility but who would know?) The Universe emerges in the infinite absolute vacuum and conditions the finite area of space it occupies. Where the existence of the infinite space is eternal, no matter there is anything in that void or not, ‘time’ is also eternal and infinite. (We have discussed ‘time’ to understand why that is.) ‘No primordial neutrinos’ also proves that it is the quantum gravity and gravity is the underlying force of the Universe and the fundamental element through which, everything else emerge. That means everything including the electric forces emerge with the concentration of force gravity and thus, ‘force concentration’ is the basic physical process of the evolution of the Universe.

Now, just as the emergence of the Universe is a circular (recurring) event, its epic should connect to the beginning to make the re-immergence of the Universe possible. Nevertheless, it is up to us to find the facts to connect the end to the beginning in writing that epic especially because, where the space is not a cocoon that has been created or emerged at some point with unthinkable physics and keeps on expanding together with the Universe as implied by the metaphysical big bang theory, there is no such thing called the critical density of the Universe which could be crucial in deciding the fate of the Universe because the Universe is in infinite space and whirling unlike anybody else ever knew, and expanding as a consequence of whirling. If anybody knows physics, whirling mass has an outward thrust no matter what the coherent density of that mass is. The whirling Universe expands due to the very fact. Thus, critical density is pseudo physics and the Universe is not going to collapse upon itself as we have anticipated with the non-existent critical density and a space cocoon in mind. (However, just as size matters in most cases, density of the Universe also matters but not as any physicist has ever even guessed and we shall come to that when we discuss the destruction of the Universe.) Further, there is no such thing called the ‘grand unification of forces’ and the so called ‘grand Supersymmetry’ that we assume to have existed prior to the most significant first ever emergence of the Universe, wouldn’t materialise ever again. In the wake of the lack of such celestial phenomena, predicting how exactly the Universe would end and still make it possible to re-emerge is a true test of our brilliance as astrophysicists.

In that respect it must be reminded that the knowledge of mathematics is useless in exploring natural physics other than manmade physics and that is engineering. If not, there cannot be so many unsolved phenomena in astrophysics when all the physicists are products of mathematics. Astrophysics has become a jumble as a result of physicists thinking mathematically to solve natural physical phenomena. Physicist Eugene Wigner once said that, there is an unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in natural physics. It is true when we know that; theorem proved by mathematics may not have any objective truth in the real world because, theorem is proposition that can be proved by reasoning but proposition is statement or assertion made without evidence. That fact is quite clear with the two theories of relativities, the so-called colour force, and the so-called electroweak force that are a few clear examples of mathematical thinking in natural physics driving us astray. The grand thesis discusses their falsity and replaces them with theories of physics instead of with any other stuff that our physicists uphold as physics in their ignorance on the subject. Time dilation is not physics because time is nothing physical to stretch. Bending and stretching space the void is not physics, not even magic but some other stuff that belongs to mental asylums supported with mathematics. But, accepting them as proven phenomena makes astrophysics and cosmology a farce and of course a disgrace to any physicist.    However, once the physical process in a natural phenomenon is understood with our brilliance, mathematics is of course needed to go beyond; but in that case, we are only talking of applied physics from that point onward. This theory is of pure physics just as the rest of the series under the grand thesis. We can use mathematics once we know the basic physics behind any natural physical phenomena and not otherwise; and let us repeat that vital fact - 'Not Otherwise'.

If we like to assume that there had been an ultimate beginning to the emergence of the Universe, that is logical and the primordial neutrinos of the first ever Universe must have partly vanished in giving rise to concentrated (electric) forces and the rest would have slowly vanished by being used-up in particle interactions as the Universe emerged and evolved and then, collapsed and re-emerged time after time where time is infinite, and where the grand Supersymmetry of everything turning back into the underlying force is only theoretical, the re-emergence of the Universe wouldn’t be the same as it was in the first time for the neutrino to emerge as the pure quantum gravity and most importantly as the underlying force in existence prior to the emergence of anything else, other than emerging through the nucleosynthesis of the re-emergence of the Universe and through eventual  particle interactions and further nucleosyntheses in the evolution of the Universe. Therefore, those we have identified are the three types of neutrinos we are left with. However, a very small number of primordial neutrinos may possibly exist but tracking those few neutrinos where the neutrinos are highly elusive, would be next to impossible if not impossible.   

Thus, the existence of only the three types of neutrinos that emerges through particle interactions without there being any primordial neutrinos is not merely a clue but a fact that implies the emergence of the Universe being cyclical because, the Universe must have emerged, evolved and collapsed upon itself a number of times for the primordial neutrinos (pure quanta of gravity) to have vanished by being used-up in particle interactions which gives the neutrinos a slightly different identity in their re-emergence”.

If so, the previous Universe has collapsed upon itself and eventually, another Universe (the present Universe) has emerged from the elements that are conserved. In predicting the fate of the present Universe, we only wanted to know for sure the fact that the present Universe emerged from the collapse of the previous Universe because, the fate of the present Universe is only written in its very emergence and without knowing which, it is not possible for anybody to predict the fate of the Universe correctly.

Just as the present Universe has emerged from the collapse of a previous Universe, when the present Universe collapses eventually upon itself, the conserved fundamental element together with the other elements (forces of nature, quarks, electrons etc as there is no such thing called grand unification of forces. It is in our ignorance that we thought of a grand unification of forces. These facts are discussed in the grand thesis) that are conserved, will give rise to yet another Universe again. When we have understood the facts that imply the destruction and the re-emergence of the Universe is a cyclical event, the only thing we cannot even imagine is, how many times that has already happened in the past because, where time is eternal, we wouldn’t have a clue even to guess that. On the other hand, we cannot find the beginning of a recurring series of an event just as there is no beginning or an end in a circle. However, what is really important for us to know is what the origin of our Universe is and what is its eventual fate would be? In that respect, instead of discussing the fate of our Universe, if we could discuss the ultimate fate of the Universe, that suggests we being intelligent because, to do that, we must have a true insight of almost all the physical phenomena of the Universe.

Without that true insight made possible by the grand thesis, one could only suggest that the Universe may expand forever if the so called critical density of the Universe is less than a given value and the Universe would die a thermal death as the mass of the Universe gets scattered in space or else, the Universe may collapse upon itself if the critical density of the Universe is greater than a given value and now we know that, none of that would happen with the reasons given by those who have supported such ideas because, the Universe is not in an elastic space cocoon that emerged from a nonsensical nowhere as a tiny bubble and expands and also have the potential of contracting back again like a deflated balloon as so far thought by some physicists and therefore, the so called critical density is pseudo physics in that respect since the Universe emerged and expands in the eternal infinite space as mentioned earlier. Whatever the density of the Universe would be, it will be certainly critical if the Universe is static because the Universe will collapse upon itself due to the inward gravitational attractions. But the Universe is not static. As far as we know, the Universe is expanding and in that case, where the space is not a bubble, the Universe is expanding in the infinite space and thus, there cannot be a critical density. It is unintelligent physics to think of a critical density of an expanding Universe that expands in the infinite absolute space which, being nothingness causes no impact on the Universe. The idea of a critical density begot due to the idea of the space being an expanding cocoon that expands with the Universe and thus a property that has an affect on the Universe but the idea of the space being a cocoon or a bubble that expands was nonsensical to begin with.

In this grand thesis we have well and truly discarded the absurd big bang hypothesis that implied highly unintelligent cosmology and astrophysics. With these three entwined theories of the ultimate fate of the Universe, let us drive the final nails of the big bang coffin which has so far marred the progress of cosmology and astrophysics; and for that matter, one hard fact we could simply prove is that the Universe did not emerge from an explosion at all. We have proved that the space is not an expanding wonder bubble that has no outside but only an inside – the kind of stuff that one would tend to think, belongs to a mental asylum rather than to physics. We established the fact that the space being nothingness is eternal as nothingness doesn’t have a beginning or an end, and that nothingness or the void is infinite and absolute. Thus, if the Universe emerged from an explosion in the infinite absolute space, there won’t be a Universe today since, there is nothing in the absolute space to stop anything that travels or even to curtail the speed of travel of that thing and therefore, all the components of the Universe will be lost in the infinite space especially since nothing – no force or a physical process could hold a primarily expanding Universe together. (Please note that in the grand thesis we have already discarded the inflation theory being utterly ridiculous. The so-called inflation is no doubt a product of mathematical thinking.) The big bang hypothesis does not suggest of any physical process that is holding the expanding Universe together as one unit and rather leaves the Universe as scattered mass in space. If the Universe is expanding as a direct consequence of emerging in an explosion in the infinite absolute vacuum, no matter that explosion was a big bang or a minor bang, force gravity cannot hold the Universe together because; gravity (or even magnetism when subjected to the inverse square law) is not strong enough to do that job if the Universe is primarily expanding no matter the Universe emerged in an explosion or not.

Interestingly, as the publication of the grand thesis yet to happen, nobody ever knew how gravity is holding the Universe together in the mass scale although the idea was nevertheless expressed despite rejecting the necessity of a physical medium to be present in encompassing all of space of the Universe. Now we know that the abundance of particles such as the photon, electron and the neutrino being that physical medium which, mediates the gravitational attractions of mass in holding the Universe together especially since they (the particles) themselves are basically of gravity. We also know that, magnetism also plays a vital role in that respect. However, gravity with the help of magnetism cannot still hold the Universe together if the Universe expands as a direct consequence of emerging in an explosion in the infinite absolute vacuum. In fact, gravity and magnetism would hold the proto Universe when it was small and very dense and especially the proto Universe remained a single field as hot plasma. However, as the Universe expands, the density of the Universe as a whole will be thinning and when that thinning of the density exceeds a point and that means to turn the plasma into a gas and when that gas is of numerous fields with gaps of space within them or in other words, once the mass of the Universe has clumped and the super clumps have well separated in the expanding Universe, no force – not gravity, not magnetism, not any force could hold the components of the expanding Universe together and they will go their own way in a straight line of travel and be lost in the wilderness of the limitless void.

Nevertheless, we already know that the Universe is expanding and the Universe is expanding in the infinite absolute vacuum and yet, the Universe is well and truly bound together as a whole with the force gravity and magnetism. How is all that possible? Well, first of all we must say that, none of that is possible if the Universe emerged in an explosion in the infinite absolute vacuum since, nothing could hold the Universe together if the Universe expands from its inception due to the repulsive force of a blast of its origin.  Thus, let us now well and truly bury the big bang hypothesis that implied the emergence of the Universe in an explosion of an infinitely hot and dense tiny bubble tinier than an atomic nucleus; all of which is simply unphysical as proven in the grand thesis.  Such an absurd hypothesis making an impact on cosmology and astrophysics for more than eight decades is a disgrace to our intelligence. But now, we can sigh in relief for, we have found the true origin (in fact the emergence) of the Universe that sans a bang or any magic, but, is of true physical phenomena. We are yet to discuss how the present Universe would collapse upon itself in order for us to discuss the emergence of the next Universe from the collapse of the previous Universe. However, the question at hand in here is not on any of that but on how the Universe is bound together while it is expanding in the infinite absolute vacuum? It will be surprising even for our physicists to learn that the role gravity and magnetism plays in binding the Universe together is only a secondary aspect to a completely different primary feature of the Universe that keeps the expanding Universe bound together as a single unit. So far that feature of the Universe is unknown to our physicists. Without that feature, there is no Universe as a whole but merely scattered mass in space with a highly crooked perimeter which, we cannot really call the perimeter of the universe because, there is no Universe as a whole but scattered mass in space that are not linked to each other gravitationally because, if the Universe does not exist as a whole (as a single unit) with a particular physical feature that we shall discuss next, gravity cannot link the components of the Universe to each other and without that, there is no Universe but scattered mass in space.

Instead of a nonexistent critical density causing the fate of the Universe, as just mentioned above, there is a simple feature that would eventually cause the Universe to reverse its outward bound journey which (the reversed journey) will be highly destructive and that very feature keeps the Universe as a single unit while the Universe is expanding in the infinite absolute vacuum and the Universe will eventually fall back upon itself primarily due to that very feature so far unknown in astrophysics. That very feature is, the Universe is ‘whirling’ or simply, spinning just as a gaseous nebula does. The Universe is only expanding as a consequence of whirling. That is simple yet amazing physics proven more than a couple of ways with obvious facts sited in this theory itself and not mere imagination explained with elegant maths but true physical phenomena explained in simple English so that, the case is obvious without any doubt unlike in a theorem on natural physics where, just as mentioned earlier, what is mathematically proven may not be evident in the real world since, even absurd imaginations can be mathematically proven and that is exactly why modern astrophysics is a jumble and one may recall the examples we sited earlier in that respect.

As we have discussed above, there is no other physical feature other than whirling that could hold the Universe together and let the Universe evolve and expand at the same time. Thus, the fact that the Universe is expanding and yet it is bound together and exists as a whole is proof on the whirling of the Universe. There is yet another way to prove that phenomenon of the Universe. That is, in the collapse of the Universe, all aggregated mass will destroy in their inward journey well before they arrive at the centre of the Universe as the Universe becomes smaller and smaller and therefore becomes more and more destructive as galactic collisions due to ever increasing mutual gravitational attractions become common  and therefore, it is only the heat radiation of the destroyed components of the Universe that arrive at the centre; and similar to a gaseous cloud in the interstellar medium, the heat radiation that contains the conserved elements will be whirling and form a hot and dense plasma. The whirling plasma or the proto universe being dense expands while whirling due to the outward thrust of the mass in the speed of whirling. That is the secret behind the expansion of the Universe. That means the Universe is primarily whirling (spinning) and expands only as a consequence of whirling. Without that being the truth, the Universe or anything for that matter, cannot move in two directions at the same time.

Interestingly, although the Universe may whirl closer to the speed of light, since the Universe is expanding as a consequence of whirling, the Universe cannot expand closer to the speed of light at the same time because, the Universe or anything for that matter cannot travel in two directions where one direction lies 90⁰ to the right or left angle of the other. Thus, for instance, if the Universe is whirling at the speed of light, the Universe will only expand at a lesser speed than the speed of light. To say that basically, the Universe must expand at a speed that is slower than its speed of whirling especially since whirling is the primary feature of the Universe. That means the diameter of the Universe got to be less than twice the number of light years of the age of the Universe that stands at 13.7 billion years. That is an extra yet important fact that pops up in this theory. The speed of expansion of the Universe cannot be steady throughout and we shall take up that aspect when we discuss the fate of the Universe.

Another fact that pops up due to the fact that the Universe is whirling is why the Universe looks static to us with the position of stars seem to remain unchanged even over a long period of time. With the Universe whirling, super clusters of galaxies with clusters of galaxies and galaxies within them simply float round and round as the Universe spins on its axis just as planet earth spins on its axis. Before we go any further on that, it must be said that the Universe wouldn’t have an angular momentum in spinning like the earth does because, the Universe is spinning in the absolute vacuum compared to the conditioned vacuum within the Universe where the planet earth or any other heavenly body is spinning. The vacuum within the Universe is conditioned due to the abundance of particles that fill the vacuum as a physical medium and since all particles except the neutrino carry a magnetic moment, whatever mass that is in the vacuum (space) must align with the magnetic polarity of the field and since that alignment is angular, needless to say that, they could only spin in that angular position.   (Please note that, spin is not an intrinsic character of matter as accepted by the physicists but a reaction as implied by the first law of motion in space established in the grand thesis and we have discussed why spin is angular in the grand thesis.)

As the Universe is primarily spinning rather than expanding at a rate, the super clusters of galaxies float round and round with minimal changes in distances between the components (clusters of galaxies, galaxies, stars and planetary systems etc) that are within them and gravitationally linked together for instance, like our solar system. In our solar system, the distance between the sun and the planets or the distances between the planets do not change as the Universe expands (if not we won't be alive to discuss the subject) because the solar system is floating as a whole in the galaxy and the galaxy is floating within the cluster and the cluster of galaxies is floating within the super cluster and the super cluster floats around in the whirling Universe without physically stretching or expanding as the Universe expands. Why that is because, if we consider the Universe to be the number of super clusters of galaxies, the expansion of the Universe means the distances between the super clusters widening as they venture further and further into the infinite space.    However, The Universe expands and expands only as a consequence of whirling and therefore, expands at a much slower speed than the speed of whirling and there is some amazing physics for us to understand in here on the expansion of the Universe that doesn’t seem to change our view of the star studded sky.

According to the old school of physics, the stars that fancy us are light years away from us and due to their enormous distances from us, we could hardly see them move, let alone observing any changes in distances between them. The point they make is true since great distances make everything miniature in size and therefore, it is hard to observe motion or movements especially with the naked eye. But that is not exactly why the night sky looks static to us. The fact is, the stars are not moving away rapidly from each other as the old school was teaching us and on the other hand, we are also traveling on board the same train where some people may play table tennis just as playing at their local club. That humour should be quite explanatory to the learnt physicists, but let us discuss the facts for everybody to understand.

The night sky or the stars look static since they are within the galaxy that floats as a whole together with the cluster of galaxies and of course together with the super cluster of galaxy since they are the components of the super cluster and thus, the super cluster and its components float within the whirling Universe as a single field without physically expanding and therefore, clusters of galaxies and individual galaxies do not change their periodic positions although they move within the super cluster while the super cluster carries them away.  Since the Universe is whirling, everything within the Universe travel together as a field and thus, it is like the field is floating as a whole and therefore, there are not much of changes in the positions between the components (stars and planets and even galaxies) of the field. However, these components may have their own movements such as their own spinning and orbiting within the field (within the super cluster) and just as table tennis played in a moving train is not affected by the speeding train, not only the components of the super clusters but the super clusters as the components of the Universe also are not disturbed by the whirling of the Universe since all super clusters move together. Although the Universe is also expanding while whirling it would only widen the distances between the super clusters of galaxies subtly as the perimeter of the Universe expands. (In contrast to that,   the widening of the gaps between the super clusters of galaxies would happen quite rapidly if the universe is expanding directly, which - direct expansion - is not the case and not possible either as we have  already discussed.) The galaxies must expand for their stars to widen the distances between them. However, galaxies do not expand as the Universe expands but only float away as a field that is intact as just explained. Thus, the stars hardly change their positions within their galaxy and that is exactly why the night sky looks static or else, the night sky looks the same as in the last year’s season.  

If the Universe is expanding without whirling, as we have already mentioned, there is no Universe as a whole but merely scattered mass in space and in fact, a Universe would not even evolve out of that mass. Assuming the Universe is re-emerging from the conserved elements of the collapsed previous Universe, the proto Universe or the early Universe is hot and dense plasma that is whirling and gravitationally bound together due to being very dense. However, if the Universe is expanding straightaway without whirling as a result of emerging through an explosion as implied by the big bang theory, we wouldn’t know what would explode in the first place and although we shouldn’t waste our time analysing an obviously absurd hypothesis, since we have upheld it for so long in our ignorance and deception, we must well and truly bury it to move forward and therefore, if we go along it to assume that the matter that emerged in the so called explosion soon turned into a hot plasma, the plasma wouldn’t be gravitationally bound for long as it expands and loses the initial high density which helped mass mediate their gravitational attractions to be as a whole. With rapid direct expansion the plasma would crack and split into numerous segments similar to clumping and the segments would be driven away into the infinite absolute vacuum without gravitationally linking to each other as gravity cannot hold the rapidly parting segments together and thus, they will be lost in the infinite space unlike a whirling Universe holding everything together. The early Universe is merely particles that travel at or near the speed of light and if they are driven out in all directions in the infinite absolute vacuum with the repulsive force of a blast, there is no stopping for them beyond their state of being a dense plasma and that means once the Universe becomes transparent and turned into a gas, further expansion of the so called Universe will rapidly lose the great density that helped gravity of mass binding the Universe together and therefore, without gravity holding everything as a whole, the Universe will rip apart severely and be lost in space without even aggregating into mass (massive bodies) as matter driven away in all directions.  

If the expansion of the Universe is straightforward, everything travels outward only and nothing could travel in any other direction or change their direction of travel let alone traveling back towards the centre of the Universe and therefore, there cannot be much opportunities for particle interactions especially beyond the plasma state of the Universe and needless to say that, if particles are primarily outward driven, a Universe will not evolve as a result. What’s more, we wouldn’t have detected the black body radiation since in a directly expanding Universe nothing could travel back. Radiation is waves and waves are particles (wave particle duality is explained in the grand thesis) and if the Universe is driven directly outwards by the repulsive force of a blast, nothing travels back or travel back and forth. All that can happen only if the Universe is whirling and the Universe wouldn’t whirl if emerged in a blast. That is simple yet brilliant physics.  Thus, a Universe emerging in an explosion is not possible. Therefore, the big bang theory is an absurd hypothesis.

It is the phenomenon that we may call whirling or spinning that primarily holds the Universe together and makes everything else possible for the evolution of the Universe. The whirling of the Universe is so important a physical process; the Universe must whirl from its inception. Interestingly, that means the Universe must emerge whirling and for that to happen the Universe must emerge from existing elements that keeps on whirling and thus, the facts become obvious as, for the fundamental elements that would give rise to a Universe to be existing and be whirling, a previous Universe must collapse upon itself as there is no other way humanly possible for us to predict the existence of the necessary elements in the eternal and infinite absolute vacuum for the emergence of a Universe and thus, we can be one hundred percent sure of the fate of the present Universe being ‘collapsing upon itself’ and the collapsed Universe being ‘re-emerging’ since the fundamental element of the Universe being conservable. Thus, we have found the ultimate fate of the Universe to be cyclical. That is indisputable physics.

Let us now focus our attention to the most significant physical phenomenon or the feature – ‘the whirling’ that helps the Universe emerge and evolve and expand as part of its evolution and finally to collapse upon itself enabling its re-emergence in a cycle sure to last for evermore if for any reason we cannot accept it being an eternal cycle. Being physicists, we like to think logically that, everything must have a beginning but unfortunately, in this instance it is quite obvious that knowing the origin of the Universe rather than its cyclical re-emergence is not humanly possible if we care not to insult the unparalleled human intelligence yet again.

Thus, what we may loosely call the ‘Origin of the Universe’ is in fact the cyclic event of the ‘Re-emergence of the Universe’.  

Since emerging through the collapse of a previous Universe, spinning is the primary feature of the Universe rather than expanding. The Universe cannot expand into the absolute vacuum unless driven by external force. Before we discuss exactly why that is, we must know that, if the Universe expands in all directions in straight lines as it would happen if the Universe emerges in an explosion, there is nothing – no physical process to bind the Universe together as the Universe becomes astronomically large (spread in space) beyond the dense plasma state that holds the Universe gravitationally bound thanks to the very density. Beyond the great density of the plasma where the Universe is expanding, gravitational attractions are mediated by the abundance of particles encompassing the space within the Universe, acting as a physical medium that mediates not only the gravitational attractions of mass but also makes possible radiation spread within the Universe. (We have discussed such aspects in relative theories in the unprecedented grand thesis of 41 new theories and 18 new laws of physics.) However, gravity is the weakest force of nature (electric forces are stronger since they are concentrated forces of the force gravity) and therefore, gravity cannot hold the Universe together no matter how great the density of the Universe is if the Universe expands directly into the infinite absolute vacuum by any means to say it in short.

The consequences of that is far too great than initially obvious since, the mass that is going to evolve into a Universe emerge primarily as particles and if those particles are not allowed to be as a field or to say as a whole with gravitationally linked, a Universe would not evolve through them because they cannot interact if scattered in space without being gravitationally linked, forming a gravitational field. Let’s see why. Direct expansion of the Universe scatters the particles in space without making it possible for the particles to stay gravitationally linked as a field. Gravity or any other force of nature must be physically mediated by the particles as no particle except the quark could radiate its force. (Quarks radiate the strong force but only in a particular occasion as discussed in the grand thesis under the radiation of force. Radiation of force is also by physical links but that is of force carriers that emerge and thus, the range of the radiation is very limited.) Thus, direct expansion of the Universe (in case the Universe emerged in an explosion) would soon rip the initial gravitational field (the proto Universe is small and dense and thus a gravitational field as a whole) and scatter the particles (mass) in space and in that case we cannot talk about a Universe but scattered mass that are  lost in space and go their own way. If particles are not in a gravitational field as a whole and that means not gravitationally bound to make them a physical medium for themselves to travel in any direction within the field while the field also travel as a whole (for instance how galaxies move), as unbound particles they could only travel with external force (in here, it has to be the repulsive force of an explosion) in the direction of the expansion of the Universe as the Universe expands in the infinite absolute vacuum.

Only with the whirling of the Universe that, particles would form a field that gravitationally binds them as a field (due to their abundance) as they travel round and round in the whirling Universe and the field will soon start to form into clumps that evolve into super clusters and clusters of galaxies since, whatever that travel at the same speed as of the rest, are moving together and therefore, they are like being stationary in their association and thus, interactions of charged particles will take place and particle interactions are the mode of the evolution of the Universe as particle interactions lead to all the neucleosyntheses.

If particles do not belong to a field (a galaxy or else the finite space of the Universe as a field for that matter), the particles cannot travel in any other directions other than in the direction of the expansion of the Universe and thus, particle interactions would be minimal and that mars the evolution of the Universe.

Now we understand that, when a field like a galaxy travel as a whole in the whirling Universe, its components within can travel in any direction within the field and that fact is obvious with our solar system. The secret behind that is the whole galaxy is a tightly knit gravitational field which is carried away in tact by the supercluster floating in the whirling Universe. If the Universe expands directly, none of the phenomena such as planets orbiting a star can be possible. In fact, direct expansion mars the evolution of the Universe as mentioned earlier and there won’t be stars and planets or galaxies to begin with but merely mass lost in space which, cannot be called a Universe. In short, a Universe cannot emerge in an explosion and thus, the big bang hypothesis is nonsensical to the extent that suggests the theorist did not understand astrophysics. That also means, those who accept the big bang hypothesis on the origin of the Universe do not understand astrophysics.

The Universe emerges in the eternal and infinite absolute vacuum where the motion of mass is subject to the following three laws of physics that we have established in the grand thesis.

‘The fundamental law for any physical phenomena in the Universe is to have two things affecting each other. Thus, every action must emerge in reaction’.

‘For something to influence another without collision, matter must be of a physical force of nature to inherit the characteristics of that force, as only a force of nature could attract or counter a force. Thus, inheriting the characteristics of a force by emerging through a force is necessary for every action of mass to emerge in reaction’.

‘Unless something is driven by external force or due to repulsion (of explosion) as a reaction, nothing by itself could move in Absolute Space since there is no basis for any reactions of matter to emerge as required by the first law of motion. Thus, a precondition – a physical medium that could cause an affect that encompasses the Space must exist in order for any action (motion) of matter to emerge in reaction as the case within the Universe is. However, infinite space cannot be encompassed by mass since the amount of mass is finite and the  void is limitless and thus, beyond the perimeter of the Universe the  infinite space remains absolute’.

Earlier in the grand thesis we corrected a long standing misconception in astrophysics on the photon’s ability to travel in space with self propulsion due to electric and magnetic repulsion thinking that the space within the Universe is absolute and therefore rejected the idea of a physical medium called ether at the time, to be present in space for radiation to travel. Now we know that a physical medium must be present in space for the motion of matter and the very abundance of particles that fills the space itself is that physical medium which makes motion of mass possible in space within the Universe since, mass have emerged through a force of nature inheriting the characteristics of that force and thus, the abundance of particles that fills the finite space of the Universe as a physical medium initiates every action in reaction as required by the 1^st law of motion in space and the phenomenon of motion no matter what a particular motion is, is subjected to the three laws of motion in space as mentioned above.

The photon with its self propulsion due to electric and magnetic repulsion that emerges in reaction cannot travel into the absolute space since there is no physical medium in the absolute space to facilitate its travel. A single photon in the absolute space wouldn’t even be spinning for that matter as every action must emerge in reaction. Nevertheless, with the abundance of photons they can be the very medium for them to travel, but unfortunately for the photons and fortunately for the Universe and therefore for us, the photons can travel only within the medium they themselves establish in the absolute space and it is the same for any other particle as they are gravitationally bound to the field – the physical medium – and if not, a Universe cannot emerge. As the third law of motion in space implies, it is with external force that the photons or the Universe as a field could acquire more of the absolute space or in other words, travel into the absolute space. That is exactly what happens since the Universe is whirling and the mass of the Universe has an outward thrust proportional to the speed of whirling and the density of the Universe. Without that being the truth of the expansion of the Universe, a Universe cannot emerge in the absolute vacuum because, if mass (matter) could travel into the absolute vacuum by themselves, the finite space within the Universe doesn’t have to be a physical medium initiating and facilitating the motion of mass in the first place and the mass that could travel in absolute space by their own will be lost in the infinite absolute vacuum as we have already discussed. Fortunately, that is not possible and that is exactly why whatever mass and fundamental forces that belongs to the radiation resulting in the collapse of the universe remain together as a single field and that enables the re-emergence of the Universe since, no mass or force (particles) has been lost in the infinite absolute space. We could suggest the following example to understand the matter further.

If we could place some photons by some means good enough in number to make a sphere for instance the size of a Tennis Ball in the infinite absolute vacuum, the photons having emerged through the force gravity, oozes gravity as a residue force and therefore, will be gravitationally attracted to each other, which makes them as a whole a gravitational field and a physical medium encompassing a finite area of the infinite absolute space to the size of a tennis ball. Since the photons being a gravitational field, they are a physical medium in a finite area of the infinite space, and the photons will travel within their finite sphere with their gravitational attractions to the field and in fact, the sphere of photons will be spinning like there is no tomorrow as the massless photon travel at the speed of light. Due to spinning, the sphere of photons that we placed in the absolute vacuum will start to become flatter rather than remaining a perfect sphere like a tennis ball. Their attraction to the field keeps them within the field and even with their electric and magnetic repulsions they cannot penetrate into the absolute vacuum unless they are ejected from the field by external force.  It is with the outward thrust – the external force generated by their whirling as a whole that they could expand into the absolute vacuum. If they could travel into the absolute vacuum by themselves, soon we will lose all the photons that we placed in the absolute vacuum in our example and the same thing will happen to the photons in the Universe. Fortunately, that has not happened since anything  cannot travel themselves in the absolute vacuum since every action must emerge in reaction and if they are numerous as a field they spin and travel in reaction to each other or in reaction to the field and their gravitational attractions keep them bound to the field. Thus, the Universe is not losing any mass. No body, (not even a single particle) is leaving the Universe on their own and venture into the infinite vacuum but if somebody kicks them out they will travel forever in the infinite vacuum since the vacuum is absolute.

However, the photon could travel in the conditioned vacuum (space) within the Universe even without electric and magnetic repulsion just as the neutral neutrino does. That is because all particles have emerged through a force and they travel due to reactions in a physical medium (that mediates the force of their origin as implied by the 3^rd law of motion in space) which they have formed themselves with their abundance to fill the space of the Universe. The neutral neutrino proves that electric and magnetic repulsions are not required to travel within the space of the Universe as that finite space is conditioned – a physical medium. The photon making waves with electric and magnetic repulsions is another matter as the electromagnetic force carrier. The neutrino that travels without any electric and magnetic repulsions in space also proves the validity of the second law of motion in space that require particles to emerge through a force of nature for action to emerge in reaction.

Interestingly, particles such as the electron, photon and the neutrino that must be abundant to fill the space of the Universe, travel at the speed of light and therefore, where the Universe expands at a speed slower than the speed of light, if such particles could travel by themselves into the absolute space, the Universe would have lost all the particles that travel at the speed of light in no time. Fortunately that did not happen and cannot happen. The secret behind that is particles belongs to the field of particles and stay in the field with their gravitational attraction to the field and therefore travel within the field that makes a physical medium for them to travel in reaction and that is also the great secret behind the whirling of the Universe. If particles could travel into absolute space on their own, the photon with its electric and magnetic repulsions will certainly vanish from the Universe or rather; there won’t be any photons to form the Universe in the first place. If one likes to think that, if the Universe expands at the speed of light, the Universe will not lose the particles that also travel at the speed of light and could argue that being simply the expansion of the Universe.

That sounds correct only if a Universe could emerge with mass that is not whirling as a field and we already know that doesn’t happen and cannot happen according to the laws of physics we now know. As long as mass is not whirling as a single field, there is no universe but scattered mass (matter) in absolute space travelling independently due to the repulsive force of a blast the only phenomenon that could drive all the matter outwardly in the absolute space. However, we have already discussed why a Universe cannot emerge in an explosion.  Thus, any idea of direct expansion of a Universe without whirling is due to ignorance. The laws governing the  motion of mass in space published in this thesis for the first time in the history of astrophysics proves the Universe cannot emerge in an explosion and that means the big bang hypothesis is an absurd hypothesis beyond any doubt. It is unfortunate that these facts were so far unknown but for that matter, who in the world knew true astrophysics (nature's physics) rather than manmade physics (engineering) is the question. Now it is quite clear that, the Universe must be 'whirling' and expanding as a consequence of 'whirling'. We have already discussed that, if the Universe expands directly into the infinite absolute vacuum by any means and that means with the repulsive force of a blast of its emergence (if that was the case of its emergence) or else with the ability of the particles to travel into the absolute vacuum by their own (which we have to assume to be possible as it is against the laws of physics governing the motion in space), a Universe will not evolve in the first place and therefore, it is nothing but scattered mass  in space which will certainly be lost in space since the space is infinite and absolute. That means the big bang theory based on the Universe emerging from an explosion is nonsensical. (The idea of the creation of space as a bubble that expands pushing something unimaginable is disgracefully foolish to begin with.) The Universe only expands in the eternal absolute vacuum with the outward thrust of its whirling motion and yet, whirling keeps everything within as a whole and therefore, particles can travel at the speed of light within the whirling field while massive bodies stroll around (I only mean at a speed less than the speed of light) in the whirling Universe. That is brilliant basic physics, not mere theorem. Thus, the whirling of the Universe must be one of the most amazing discoveries of our time. It is one of the two key features of the Universe that has been discovered and revealed in the grand thesis and the other is the concentration of force through which everything emerges and evolves. 

Now it is quite clear that, if the Universe expands in all directions in straight lines of outward travel, there is nothing to bind the Universe together as the Universe becomes astronomically large (spread in space) and that means there wouldn’t be a thing called ‘a Universe’ as a combined unit of various components (super clusters of galaxies, clusters of galaxies, galaxies, stars, planets, unbound matter and particles) but merely scattered mass in space which would be lost in the infinite space since not gravitationally linked as a whole. However, the Universe remains as a whole due to whirling (spinning) and since whirling, the Universe has to be flatter than being perfectly spherical and the fact that the Universe is (somewhat) flatter also proves the Universe is whirling because, when whirling, the Universe basically expands with the outward thrust of its whirling and that would eventually tend the Universe to become flatter instead of being a sphere. Interestingly, since spinning from the inception, the Universe wouldn’t have been a perfect sphere ever to begin with.

The early or the proto Universe is hot and dense plasma and whirling keeps that plasma as a whole while expanding it into the infinite absolute vacuum. The whirling of the Universe holding the Universe as a whole facilitates particle interactions (rather than a runaway Universe could) while helps the Universe expand in its slow evolution. As the expansion reduces the great density of the plasma, cracks appear in the expanding plasma, forming the plasma into clumps of super clusters and clusters of eventual galaxies. This is an important aspect of the evolution of the Universe to learn.

The clumping of the mass of the Universe or how the galaxies began to form remains a mystery so far to physicists as this thesis taking shape. We just mentioned that the expansion of the Universe reduces the great density of the plasma or the mass of the Universe that remain a gravitationally tightly bound single field due the great density. However, the coherent mass density across the Universe (the plasma) wasn’t even. How do we know that is, by thinking logically with an intuitive mind. The dense plasma is one single gravitational field. Nevertheless, the density of the whole plasma cannot be even everywhere due to the emergence of mass (particles or matter) through nucleosyntheses in different locations at different times and that means where the distribution of matter is not even throughout the Universe in the plasma state, the density of the plasma becomes patchy according to the distribution of matter. Each of these patches or fields of coherent dense mass are intense gravitational fields within the plasma – within the Universe. In the proto Universe, we can understand that, due to the overall coherent density of the plasma being high, the denser fields that made the plasma patchy in terms of the coherent density must have been vast. Due to the great density of the baby Universe it is not possible for mass to form into distinct smaller fields (clumps) within the great plasma but as vast fields just as explained.

Thus, mass have clumped into a few vast fields in the baby Universe according to how matter emerged in different locations in the Universe. Thus, the future super clusters of galaxies have emerged earliest. Now, when the Universe expands, the overall density of the plasma reduces but the intense gravitational fields – the clumps of mass with their greater density holds to remain individual fields or clumps. As the Universe expands further, the plasma cracks between these clumps as they are areas of lesser mass densities (coherent densities) and the gaps or the distances between these clumps will start to widen as the Universe expands. Eventually, clumping of mass within these enormously vast clumps begins, again according to how mass is distributed in different locations within and as the overall density of the vast clump falls with its expansion due to the expansion of the Universe, the individual clumps that are within will form into clusters depending on their gravitational attractions towards each other. Thus, the Universe evolves into galaxies, clusters of galaxies and super clusters of galaxies but it didn’t happen in the said order. As already explain in this paragraph, the mass of the Universe first clumped into super clumps and the mass within the super clumps form into smaller clumps yet again based on the distribution of matter just as the mass of the Universe first clumped into super clumps. The smaller clumps that form within the super clumps would be the eventual true galaxies that form into clusters according to their gravitational attractions and the phenomenon must have completed within the first billion years in the expansion of the Universe since the Universe becomes so vast so quickly. In fact, the expansion of the super clusters must happen rapidly when the Universe expands while its overall density was still great in the earliest times up to the first million years or even less. We must not forget the fact that the Universe became transparent due to the free electrons coupling with the atomic nucleus and the plasma turned into a gas when the Universe was around 300,000 years old. Once the super clusters have widely parted each other, they mainly float away in the space rather than expanding as the Universe expands. Thus, we can say that the clumping of the mass within the super clusters that evolved into galaxies and clusters of galaxies must also take place early on as the super clusters expand rapidly in the expansion of the Universe while the Universe was considerably dense.

We need not go into the star evolutions since they are aspects fairly well known at present.

Let us now discuss the physical phenomena that would cause the Universe to collapse upon itself, and that would have completed the ultimate fate of the Universe with two entwined theories on the fate and the re-emergence of the Universe. However, the evolution of the Universe especially in respect of the clumping of the mass that eventually evolves into galaxies is also equally important and thus, we chose or rather, we were compelled to write the amazing saga of the Universe as a trilogy. Let us now tie-up the loose ends to complete that trilogy as a recurring series of events – a cycle as it happens to be.

When whirling is the primary physical phenomenon or the process behind the emergence and the evolution of the Universe, where the expansion of the Universe is part of its evolution and where the evolution obviously cannot go on forever due to the finite amount of mass and other factors affecting the evolution especially in respect of the expansion of the Universe; whirling that is behind all such phenomena must also hold the key to the destruction of the Universe too; and it does. 

When the proto Universe as the hot and dense plasma and most importantly, as a single field was whirling, a simple phenomenon took place within the plasma. That is, the outward thrust of the plasma pushed more and more mass towards the edge of the Universe and as a result, the density of the Universe (plasma) became greater around the edge of the Universe compared to the middle and especially compared to the central area of the Universe. The increase of the density around the perimeter of the Universe lasted only until the fragmentation of the plasma in clumping that took place early in the expansion of the Universe. Once the plasma was fragmented or to say clumped into sections and detached, it is these super clumps that are pushed outwards in the whirling of the Universe. Thus, the density around the perimeter of the Universe only increased when the Universe or the plasma was in one piece or to say a single field of dense mass. During this epoch before the clumping of the Universe, the Universe was gravitationally receding (that means the generally inbound gravitational attractions of the Universe as a single field of plasma were moving back) in the direction of expansion due to the increased amount of mass and the density around the edge of the Universe and the speed of expansion of the Universe was also greatest during this epoch since, the Universe was denser around the perimeter. The grater amount of mass at around the edge of the Universe gave rise to the 1^st generation of stars that are by all means massive stars of 30, 60 and 100 solar masses in very dense galaxies compared to the galaxies in the middle and the central areas of the Universe. The great density of the galaxies around the perimeter of the Universe was the key factor behind the birth of super massive stars in the young Universe. These massive stars exploded in supernovas after their short life span and the light of the quasars that shone around 10 billion light years or so away are still reaching us confirms the Universe was much denser towards the perimeter and that fact influenced the expansion of the Universe at a faster rate for a long time.

A gaseous cloud that whirls in the interstellar space still have its gravitational attractions inbound because the cloud is whirling in the conditioned vacuum of the Universe which is a gravitational field that mediates the cloud’s gravitational attractions to the centre and most importantly, unlike ionized plasma the proto Universe was, the density of the cloud is not great for mass to recede to the edge of the whirling cloud. Instead, with inward bound gravitational attractions, gaseous clouds are destined to collapse inwards gravitationally. We have studied this phenomenon of the gravitational collapse of gaseous clouds in the interstellar medium giving birth to proto stars and form an accretion disc whirling around to feed the proto star with more mass. Al that is possible due to the gravitational attractions of the cloud had been inbound. Since the conditioned vacuum or the interstellar space is a gravitational field, even the repulsive force of a supernova explosion will be curtailed and eventually die (although some mass are driven away to be lost in space) for most of the mass that remain whirling to form into a quasar around the finite and acute absolute vacuum generally known as a black hole the supernova explosion of a dying massive star would create.

However, the physics of the proto Universe whirling in the absolute vacuum is different to the physics of a gaseous cloud whirling in the interstellar space of the Universe that we have defined as a conditioned vacuum because; where the space is absolute and the whirling mass is greatly dense and the whirling speed is also great to be closer to the speed of light, such high speed of whirling drives the mass outwards from the axis of  the whirling as the absolute vacuum remains to be acquired and therefore, the proto Universe has its gravitational attractions outward bound in the direction of the thrust of its mass. The expansion of the Universe is due to this reaction of mass in motion and thus we could say that, since the whirling of the Universe has pushed mass towards the perimeter, the whirling of the Universe has an outward thrust because, the Universe means the mass that whirls and the absolute vacuum is free to acquire and poses no resistance. However, when the phenomenon of a field of mass such as a gaseous cloud whirling in the conditioned vacuum of the Universe (intergalactic space) the whirling cloud has an ‘inward inclination’ since gravitational attractions of a field of mass are generally inward bound. If those facts are not true; and interestingly, if mass as a field in the absolute vacuum always tend to gravitationally collapse inwards despite that mass is whirling, a Universe cannot emerge from that mass and on the other hand, if mass as a field in the conditioned vacuum of the Universe does not always tend to gravitationally collapse inwards, stars and planetary systems cannot emerge and that means the Universe cannot evolve beyond that point.

In that explanation above, the key to the fate of the Universe or rather to the collapse of the Universe remains hidden. Apart from that, the Universe cannot expand indefinitely since the amount of mass is finite. We shall discuss what that means after discussing what we mentioned first.

The greater density around the perimeter of the Universe or in fact, in the galaxies near the perimeter of the Universe led to the emergence of most of the first generation of super massive stars of 30, 60, and 100 solar mass stars compared to such massive stars emerged in the galaxies in the other areas of the Universe. The lack of quasars to be seen around in our neighborhood confirms that fact. We know that such massive stars have shorter life spans compared to smaller stars. When we take our sun as a little star of one solar mass for comparison, our little star would shine for 10 billion years in its main sequence and then will start to fade away. Comparing to that, a star ten times more massive than our sun and that means a 10 solar mass star would live only around 100 million years in its main sequence because, it burns its hydrogen core more rapidly than our sun. Likewise, a massive star of 30, solar masses would shine for 60 million years in its main sequence and more massive stars have relatively shorter life spans. Thus, the massive first generation stars that emerged in the galaxies around the perimeter of the Universe due to the greater mass density of those galaxies, have long gone – burst in supernovas that spread the mass of the exploding massive cores of the massive stars in the interstellar and intergalactic space and therefore, after several billion years of that happening, the greater density around the perimeter of the Universe must have greatly diminished and still be diminishing. That results in the overall density of the Universe beginning to even out – so to speak. Nevertheless, the density across the Universe wouldn’t be even for sure as the density of the center of the Universe begins to grow due to the arrival of more mass when the density around the perimeter is diminishing due to loss of mass in supernova explosions. This is the factor that reverses the outward travel (or the expansion) of the universe to be inward bound. Let’s see why; it is simple physics.

We must not forget the fact that the Universe is spherical although not perfectly spherical since whirling as we discussed earlier. When we consider the Universe as a spherical field of mass, the gravitational attractions of that spherical field of mass is naturally bound towards its centre. However, the whirling of the dense early Universe changed the direction of the gravitational attractions as mass that stood as a single field was forced outwards due to the speed of whirling and that resulted in making the Universe denser towards its perimeter. However the destruction of the massive stars of the first generation of stars that emerged in the early epoch of the Universe (around three billion years) have helped the greater density of the Universe around the perimeter to diminish since, when massive stars burst in supernova explosions, some of the mass are sure to be driven out of the galaxies with speeds exceeding the escape velocities of such galaxies. The mass that gets into the intergalactic space may travel all over the Universe until their eventual absorption into whatever galaxies that manages to attract them but certainly not all such mass or matter will end up in other galaxies. Especially, some of the particles such as photons, neutrinos and electrons will enrich inter galactic space which is a physical medium created by their very abundance, without which, the Universe cannot function. (In fact, as we have already studied in the grand thesis, the whole of space of the Universe is encompassed by that medium.) However, when the density around the perimeter of the Universe is reducing, the density from the middle towards the centre of the Universe increases accordingly and eventually, the Universe will have a greater density around the center and that means the gravitational attractions of its mass have also reversed to be inbound. When the gravitational attractions are inbound, the Universe cannot expand outwards. Thus, when the density of the or, around the centre of the Universe increases, the expansion of the Universe must slowdown accordingly as gravitational attractions of the centre of the Universe is applying brakes to the expansion of the Universe and eventually the Universe will start to shrink with its inward journey due to whirling with an inward attraction. It is interesting to learn how this happens. Let us see. It is amazing yet very simple physics. If not, just imagine how hard it will be to pull back an expanding Universe.

The Universe does not need an enormous gravitational pull to stop its expansion and reverse the direction of its outward travel. Amazingly, what is needed is a slight increase in the central density compared to the whole of Universe, to have the gravitational attractions of mass to be inbound. It is almost a negligible force that is needed to steer the whirling Universe to be inbound just as when we drive a car we could steer the moving car effortlessly even with one finger no matter the steering wheel is power assisted or not. If the car is stationary, it will be quite a task to turn the front wheels one way or the other; but when the car is moving, it is child’s play to do so. The secret behind that is the motion of the car or basically speaking, the momentum of a moving body assisting us to change the directions of that moving body. Thus, when we drive a car or any vehicle for that matter, all we need to do to steer the moving vehicle is to slightly influence its momentum and strictly speaking that is influencing the impetus of a moving body. Impetus is the force with which a body moves. Thus, what we do in driving a car is effortlessly assisting that force (the impetus) to move the car in desired direction. As we don’t need any elbow grease (vigorous physical labour) to steer a car when driving a car around, the humble force gravity when inbound will cause so effortlessly the whirling Universe also to be inbound by influencing the impetus of the whirling Universe with almost negligible force.  Once the Universe gains an inward inclination in its whirling, the fate of the shrinking Universe becomes dramatic or rather chaotic in no time.

Now, when the Universe is becoming smaller and smaller, the super clusters of galaxies that were once receding from each other are now approaching each other with disastrous consequences. Their gravitational attractions that made it difficult for them to recede from each other earlier when the Universe was in the expansion mode, now assist them approach faster and faster and needless to say that their so called reunion is nothing but utter disaster. The in fall of the Universe will be very much faster than its expansion. The Universe never expanded at or closer to the speed of light. We now know the Universe was expanding as a consequence of its whirling at or quite closer to the speed if light and not knowing the Universe is whirling until the publication of this grand thesis, the physicists who understood the speed of travel of the whirling Universe thought the Universe is expanding closer to the speed of light. Earlier we mentioned that the Universe cannot expand directly and evolve at the same time.

Due to the gravitational attractions of mass influencing the in fall, the Universe will be well and truly destroyed perhaps within 1/3 of the time it took to evolve especially because the inward driven Universe becoming smaller and smaller has devastating consequences that are easy to understand even without knowing any physics and thus, it will be the sheer radiation resulting in the destruction that reaches the centre and therefore, there won’t be a so called big crunch. After a few billion years in the disastrous inward journey, there won’t be any aggregated mass left in the Universe to crash into the center. That is how disastrous the inward journey would definitely be.

Thus, the Universe is destined to be collapsed upon itself. The Universe does not lose any mass in the process since the Universe always remains a single field. Even after the clumping of the early state of plasma that evolved into galaxies, the Universe remained a single field of mass thanks to the most abundant particles such as the photons, electrons and the neutrinos that encompassed the space within the Universe as a physical medium (of course, together with some less abundant particles) that linked all mass within the Universe to facilitate and even to initiate their motions that require to emerge in reactions as we understood in the grand thesis with the introduction of so far unheard basic laws of physics; without which, we were only feeling in the dark for centuries. (The relevant laws on motion in space were reproduced earlier in this theory.)

The Universe never stops whirling. It is the basic physical phenomenon that causes the Universe to emerge, that causes the Universe to evolve and that causes the Universe to collapse upon itself in completing a single cycle to begin another. However, although we have understood the emergence, evolution and the collapse of the Universe in this theory, how exactly the collapsed Universe begins once again to expand in its re-emergence is a good question to ask but only if one couldn’t understand or imagine by oneself, how the collapsing inbound Universe eventually transforms into an outbound Universe in its re-emergence since, the collapse of the Universe does not cause an explosion for the emerging Universe to expand with the repulsive force of an explosion and on the contrary, we have already discussed that the Universe cannot emerge in an explosion. Nevertheless, we need to understand how the re-emerging Universe would overcome the gravitational in fall to expand once again.

While the facts on the transition are clearly discussed in this theory, we cannot leave anything to be guessed in a theory. Since, a theory should clearly explain all aspects relating to the subject; let us connect the collapse of the Universe to its re-emergence to complete the cycle of the trilogy of the Universe.

We understood that the collapsing Universe becomes highly chaotic as it shrinks and destroys much quicker than the time it took to evolve and expand to its final extent. Thus, it is the heat radiation and conserved elements that results in the destruction that approach the centre of the Universe and therefore, the scenario is somewhat similar to the gravitational collapse of a gaseous cloud in the interstellar space. However, unlike a gaseous cloud that gravitationally collapses in the interstellar medium, the collapsing Universe is nothing but heat radiation together with the conserved elements such as the fundamental forces and electrons that are necessary to generate heat. (In the grand thesis we understood that the so called grand unification of forces (GUT) being ignorant thinking.) Just like a gaseous cloud, the Universe collapses with the gravitational in fall but unlike an in falling gaseous cloud in the space of the Universe the in falling  Universe is very hot and therefore the enormous heat turns the collapsed Universe into enormously hot and dense ionized plasma. Remember, the Universe never stops whirling and that is the nature of matter forming a field. Now, the gravitational in fall of the Universe ends with the Universe turning into ionized plasma because, since turning into a dense plasma the Universe becomes one lump of dense mass and the whirling of such a lump of dense mass could only create the phenomenon of pushing that mass outwards from the axis of the whirling – spinning. Thus, the Universe has once again started to expand without much drama in its re-emergence. We have already discussed the fundamental aspect of its evolution that remained a mystery – the clumping of the Universe that evolved into super clusters and clusters of galaxies.

We already have a good understanding of how mass – elementary particles emerged although we got what equals mass completely wrong. In this 'grand thesis of the Universe' we have corrected the 104 years old false energy-mass equivalence with the force-mass equivalence and also corrected almost all other blunders in cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics in revolutionizing cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics altogether in the 21^st century.

Although the theories in this thesis sans mathematical interpretations (which are to be added eventually) a truly competent physicist do not require mathematics to understand the basic physical processes of the nature discussed in this thesis compared to manmade physics which has been developed with the help of mathematics needing the knowledge of mathematics to understand. Physics of the nature are not due to our manipulations and thus, in understanding the physics of the nature, what one would need is a brilliant intuitive mind rather than mathematics since theorem proved by mathematics may not have any objective truth in the real world since theorem - a proposition is mere imagination where one's intuition doesn't shine. If one doesn’t understand the process of a natural physical phenomenon, where the hell to start working the mathematics rather than with his imagination? Einstein bending the void and stretching the time prove that fact. Those who uphold such nonsense as physics only expose their utter ignorance in physics. It is the sad and unfortunate reality the student generation faces.

It is a challenge to any physicist in the world to prove any of the theories and the laws of physics established in this grand thesis of the Universe to be absurd hypotheses. Nevertheless, I have well and truly proven that, what they are upholding are being absurd hypotheses wrapped-up in mathematics which, are even so ridiculous to be called physics. Unfortunately, that is modern  cosmology, astrophysics and elementary particle physics to the bad luck of the student generation. Rectifying the unfortunate situation may take the time it takes to work the mathematics on this thesis for our physicists to understand nature's physics for which no University could give a doctorate unlike in engineering - the primary element in artificial physics.

Physicists who do not understand the physical processes of the natural phenomena that are not explained in mathematics as in this thesis, are not really physicists but mere engineers who hang there as physicists with their mathematics. unfortunately, mathematics doesn't make anybody a true physicist. A natural physical process of a phenomenon must be understood at least to some extent with our intelligence in order to make use of mathematics to explore or understand the physical process of a natural phenomenon any further. Without the vital basic understanding of a natural physical process, one could only go alone with his imagination with mathematics. But, without the understanding of the basic facts of a natural phenomenon, it is needless to say that, one's imagination would certainly be nonsensical. One of the best example of that fact is Albert Einstein's two theories of Special and the General Relativity in which Einstein stretched the non-physical Time and Space respectively. That is physics only to the ignorant.

Physicists are welcome to prove me wrong if they can. When I have challenged their competence as physicists, I only wish there is someone man enough among them to take up my challenge. It is not for cheap thrills, but for the advancement of astrophysics especially with my concerns on the student generation. If physicists can't prove me wrong,  they should be humble enough to  accept the correctness of my theories rather than choosing to be like Cassini.- for instance, as it happened to Ole Roemer who discovered in 1676 that the speed of light is finite but his achievement wasn't recognised for 50 years since Cassini - a giant at the time who thought the speed of light is infinite, didn't want anybody to recognise Roemer's correct theory and Roemer just 21 years old at the time left science altogether. I wouldn't let such shameful history of physics repeat again; not at any cost because, I have spent 14 years of my life on developing the series of theories and only I know how hard it was to explore the unknown. Thus, I shall bring down the castle if there are no gentlemen within it.

*

*The End of the Grand Thesis of the Universe*

“If I have seen further, that is not simply by standing on the shoulders of giants, but by using my intuition.

Thus,

I beg your pardon for silently rewriting history while you were asleep"

Vidooba Senarathne

                                                     The End of the Webpage. Thank you for visiting.

                                                                                          top

e-mail: info@thegrandthesisoftheuniverse.com

Copyright © 2008 Vidooba Senarathne - All rights reserved